Abstract
As mitigation of brain aging continues to be a key public health priority, a wholistic and comprehensive consideration of the aging body has identified immunosenescence as a potential contributor to age-related brain injury and disease. Importantly, the nervous and immune systems engage in bidirectional communication and can exert profound influence on each other. Emerging evidence supports numerous impacts of innate, inflammatory immune responses and adaptive T cell–mediated immunity in neurological function and diseased or injured brain states, such as stroke. Indeed, a growing body of evidence supports key impacts of brain-resident immune cell activation and peripheral immune infiltration in both the post-stroke acute injury phase and the long-term recovery period. As such, modulation of the immune system is an attractive strategy for novel therapeutic interventions for a devastating age-related brain injury for which there are few readily available neuroprotective treatments or neurorestorative approaches. However, the role of B cells in the context of brain function, and specifically in response to stroke, has not been thoroughly elucidated and remains controversial, leaving our understanding of neuroimmune interactions incomplete. Importantly, emerging evidence suggests that B cells are not pathogenic contributors to stroke injury, and in fact may facilitate functional recovery, supporting their potential value as novel therapeutic targets. By summarizing the current knowledge of the role of B cells in stroke pathology and recovery and interpreting their role in the context of their interactions with other immune cells as well as the immunosenescence cascades that alter their function in aged populations, this review supports an increased understanding of the complex interplay between the nervous and immune systems in the context of brain aging, injury, and disease.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank JW Simpkins, DM Rothstein, D Corbin, J Gilbert, S Seigan, and B White for their contributions to the review of the document.
Funding
This work was supported by NIH K01 MH117343 (PI = Engler-Chiurazzi), WVU Office of Research (PI = Engler-Chiurazzi), NIH P20 GM109098 (PI = Simpkins), NIH R01 NS099918 (PI = Huber), NIH U54 GM104942 (PI = Hodder), Praespero Innovation Award Program (PI = Wan), American Heart Association Scientific Development Grant 16SDG31170008 (PI = Ren), NSF 1916894 (PI = Ren).
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Engler-Chiurazzi, E.B., Monaghan, K.L., Wan, E.C.K. et al. Role of B cells and the aging brain in stroke recovery and treatment. GeroScience 42, 1199–1216 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-020-00242-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-020-00242-9