In this review we identify a new category of methods for implementing and solving structural optimization problems that has emerged over the last 20 years, which we propose to call feature-mapping methods. The two defining aspects of these methods are that the design is parameterized by a high-level geometric description and that features are mapped onto a non-body-fitted mesh for analysis. One motivation for using these methods is to gain better control over the geometry to, for example, facilitate imposing direct constraints on geometric features, while avoiding issues with re-meshing. The review starts by providing some key definitions and then examines the ingredients that these methods use to map geometric features onto a fixed mesh. One of these ingredients corresponds to the mechanism for mapping the geometry of a single feature onto a fixed analysis grid, from which an ersatz material or an immersed-boundary approach is used for the analysis. For the former case, which we refer to as the pseudo-density approach, a test problem is formulated to investigate aspects of the material interpolation, boundary smoothing, and numerical integration. We also review other ingredients of feature-mapping techniques, including approaches for combining features (which are required to perform topology optimization) and methods for imposing a minimum separation distance among features. A literature review of feature-mapping methods is provided for shape optimization, combined feature/free-form optimization, and topology optimization. Finally, we discuss potential future research directions for feature-mapping methods.

在这篇综述中，我们确定了在过去20年中出现的用于实现和解决结构优化问题的新方法类别，我们建议将其称为特征映射方法。。这些方法的两个定义方面是：通过高级几何描述对设计进行参数化，并将特征映射到非人体贴装网格上进行分析。使用这些方法的一种动机是获得对几何形状的更好控制，例如，促进对几何特征施加直接约束，同时避免重新网格化的问题。审查首先提供一些关键定义，然后检查这些方法用来将几何特征映射到固定网格上的成分。这些成分之一对应于将单个特征的几何图形映射到固定分析网格的机制，从该网格可以使用ersatz材料或浸入边界方法进行分析。对于前一种情况，我们将其称为伪密度方法，制定了一个测试问题来研究材料插值，边界平滑和数值积分的各个方面。我们还将回顾特征映射技术的其他要素，包括组合特征的方法（执行拓扑优化所必需）和在特征之间施加最小分隔距离的方法。提供了有关特征映射方法的文献综述，以进行形状优化，特征/自由形式组合优化和拓扑优化。最后，我们讨论了特征映射方法的潜在未来研究方向。包括组合要素的方法（执行拓扑优化所必需）和在要素之间施加最小分隔距离的方法。提供了有关特征映射方法的文献综述，以进行形状优化，特征/自由形式组合优化和拓扑优化。最后，我们讨论了特征映射方法的潜在未来研究方向。包括组合要素的方法（执行拓扑优化所必需）和在要素之间施加最小分隔距离的方法。提供了有关特征映射方法的文献综述，以进行形状优化，特征/自由形式组合优化和拓扑优化。最后，我们讨论了特征映射方法的潜在未来研究方向。