Mastitis, inflammation of the bovine mammary gland, is generally caused by intramammary infection with bacteria, and antimicrobials have long been a corner stone of mastitis control. As societal concern about antimicrobial use in animal agriculture grows, there is pressure to reduce antimicrobial use in dairy farming. Point-of-care tests for on-farm use are increasingly available as tools to support this. In this Research Reflection, we consider available culture-dependent and culture-independent tests in the context of ASSURED criteria for low-resource settings, including convenience criteria, scientific criteria and societal criteria that can be used to evaluate test performance. As tests become more sophisticated and sensitive, we may be generating more data than we need. Special attention is given to the relationship between test outcomes and treatment decisions, including issues of diagnostic refinement, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and detection of viable organisms. In addition, we explore the role of technology, big data and people in improved performance and uptake of point-of-care tests, recognising that societal barriers may limit uptake of available or future tests. Finally, we propose that the 3Rs of reduction, refinement and replacement, which have been used in an animal welfare context for many years, could be applied to antimicrobial use for mastitis control on dairy farms.

中文翻译：

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牛临床乳腺炎的即时检测：我们有什么，我们需要什么？

乳腺炎是牛乳腺的炎症，通常是由乳房内的细菌感染引起的，抗菌药物长期以来一直是控制乳腺炎的基石。随着社会对畜牧业中抗菌素使用的关注日益增加，减少奶牛养殖中抗菌素使用的压力越来越大。农场使用的即时检测作为支持这一点的工具越来越多。在本研究反思中，我们在低资源环境的 ASSURED 标准的背景下考虑了可用的文化依赖和文化独立测试，包括可用于评估测试性能的便利标准、科学标准和社会标准。随着测试变得更加复杂和敏感，我们可能会生成比我们需要的更多的数据。特别关注测试结果和治疗决策之间的关系，包括诊断改进、抗菌药物敏感性测试和活菌检测等问题。此外，我们还探讨了技术、大数据和人员在提高即时检测性能和采用率方面的作用，并认识到社会障碍可能会限制对现有或未来检测的采用。最后，我们建议将多年来在动物福利环境中使用的减少、改进和替代的 3R 原则应用于奶牛场控制乳腺炎的抗菌药物使用。大数据和人们提高了即时检测的性能和采用率，认识到社会障碍可能会限制对现有或未来检测的采用。最后，我们建议将多年来在动物福利环境中使用的减少、改进和替代的 3R 原则应用于奶牛场控制乳腺炎的抗菌药物使用。大数据和人们提高了即时检测的性能和采用率，认识到社会障碍可能会限制对现有或未来检测的采用。最后，我们建议将多年来在动物福利环境中使用的减少、改进和替代的 3R 原则应用于奶牛场控制乳腺炎的抗菌药物使用。