Recently, organ-on-chips have become a fast-growing research field with the widespread development of microfluidic chips and synthetic materials in tissue engineering. Due to the existing cardiotoxicity of many cardiovascular drugs, heart-on-chips which are promising to replace traditional animal models have been extensively researched and developed to mimic human organ functions in vitro. The heart-on-chips mainly focus on cardiac mechanics, which is regarded as the central indicator of in vitro heart models and drug testing. Traditional methods for the detection of myocardial mechanics have been demonstrated complex and inefficient in heart-on-chips. Therefore, photonic crystal materials with unique optical properties have attracted interests and have been introduced into the heart-on-chips, developing a visualized self-reporting system for cardiomyocytes activity monitoring. In this review, photonic crystal-based heart-on-chips for biosensing are introduced, as well as the fabrication methods and design criteria of them. The characterizations of the photonic crystal materials are classified into optical properties and structural properties, and their applications in cell culture and biosensing are further discussed. Then, several representative examples and developments of the integration of photonic crystal materials into microfluidic chips are described in detail. Finally, potentials and limitations are put forward to promote the development of the photonic crystal-based intelligent heart-on-chips.

中文翻译：

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基于光子晶体的心脏芯片筛查

近年来，随着微流体芯片和合成材料在组织工程学中的广泛发展，片上器官已成为一个快速发展的研究领域。由于许多心血管药物都具有心脏毒性，因此人们广泛研究并开发了有望替代传统动物模型的片上心脏芯片，以在体外模拟人体器官功能。片上心脏主要关注心脏力学，心脏力学被视为体外心脏模型和药物测试的中心指标。传统的检测心肌力学的方法在片上心脏中被证明是复杂且效率低下的。因此，具有独特光学特性的光子晶体材料引起了人们的兴趣，并已被引入到心脏芯片中，开发可视化的自我报告系统以监测心肌细胞的活动。在这篇综述中，介绍了用于生物传感的基于光子晶体的片上心脏芯片，以及它们的制造方法和设计标准。光子晶体材料的表征分为光学性质和结构性质，并进一步讨论了它们在细胞培养和生物传感中的应用。然后，详细描述了光子晶体材料集成到微流控芯片中的几个代表性示例和发展。最后，提出了潜力和局限性以促进基于光子晶体的智能心脏芯片的发展。以及它们的制造方法和设计标准。光子晶体材料的表征分为光学性质和结构性质，并进一步讨论了它们在细胞培养和生物传感中的应用。然后，详细描述了光子晶体材料集成到微流控芯片中的几个代表性示例和发展。最后，提出了潜力和局限性以促进基于光子晶体的智能心脏芯片的发展。以及它们的制造方法和设计标准。光子晶体材料的表征分为光学性质和结构性质，并进一步讨论了它们在细胞培养和生物传感中的应用。然后，详细描述了光子晶体材料集成到微流控芯片中的几个代表性示例和发展。最后，提出了潜力和局限性以促进基于光子晶体的智能心脏芯片的发展。详细描述了将光子晶体材料集成到微流控芯片中的几个代表性示例和开发。最后，提出了潜力和局限性以促进基于光子晶体的智能心脏芯片的发展。详细描述了将光子晶体材料集成到微流控芯片中的几个代表性示例和开发。最后，提出了潜力和局限性以促进基于光子晶体的智能心脏芯片的发展。