Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells, with the ability to differentiate into mesodermal (e.g., adipocyte, chondrocyte, hematopoietic, myocyte, osteoblast), ectodermal (e.g., epithelial, neural) and endodermal (e.g., hepatocyte, islet cell) lineages based on the type of induction cues provided. As compared to embryonic stem cells, MSCs hold a multitude of advantages from a clinical translation perspective, including ease of isolation, low immunogenicity and limited ethical concerns. Therefore, MSCs are a promising stem cell source for different regenerative medicine applications. The in vitro differentiation of MSCs into different lineages relies on effective mimicking of the in vivo milieu, including both biochemical and mechanical stimuli. As compared to other biophysical cues, such as substrate stiffness and topography, the role of fluid shear stress (SS) in regulating MSC differentiation has been investigated to a lesser extent although the role of interstitial fluid and vascular flow in regulating the normal physiology of bone, muscle and cardiovascular tissues is well-known. This review aims to summarise the current state-of-the-art regarding the role of SS in the differentiation of MSCs into osteogenic, cardiovascular, chondrogenic, adipogenic and neurogenic lineages. We will also highlight and discuss the potential of employing SS to augment the differentiation of MSCs to other lineages, where SS is known to play a role physiologically but has not yet been successfully harnessed for in vitro differentiation, including liver, kidney and corneal tissue lineage cells. The incorporation of SS, in combination with biochemical and biophysical cues during MSC differentiation, may provide a promising avenue to improve the functionality of the differentiated cells by more closely mimicking the in vivo milieu.

间充质干细胞（MSC）是多能干基质细胞，具有分化为中胚层（例如脂肪细胞，软骨细胞，造血，肌细胞，成骨细胞），外胚层（例如上皮，神经）和内胚层（例如肝细胞，胰岛细胞）的能力根据提供的归纳提示的类型来确定血统。与胚胎干细胞相比，从临床翻译的角度来看，MSC具有众多优势，包括易于分离，免疫原性低和伦理问题。因此，MSC是用于不同再生医学应用的有前途的干细胞来源。MSCs体外分化为不同的谱系依赖于体内环境的有效模拟，包括生物化学和机械刺激。与其他生物物理线索（例如衬底刚度和地形）相比，尽管间质液和血管流动在调节骨骼，肌肉和心血管组织的正常生理中的作用是众所周知的，但在较小程度上研究了流体剪切应力（SS）在调节MSC分化中的作用。这篇综述旨在总结当前关于SS在MSC分化为成骨，心血管，成软骨，成脂和神经源谱系中的作用的最新技术。我们还将重点介绍并讨论使用SS增强MSC向其他谱系分化的潜力，其中SS在生理上起着一定作用，但尚未成功地用于体外分化，包括肝，肾和角膜组织谱系细胞。SS的合并，