The present study aims to summarize different non-invasive techniques for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in diabetic patients using glucose-oxidase biosensors. In diabetic patients, the self-monitoring of blood glucose (BG) levels through minimally invasive techniques provides a quick method of measuring their BG concentration, unlike conventional laboratory measurements. The drawbacks of minimally invasive techniques include physical pain, anxiety and reduced patient compliance. To overcome these limitations, researchers shifted their attention towards the development of a pain-free and non-invasive glucose monitoring system, which showed encouraging results.,This study reviews the development of minimally and non-invasive method for continuous glucose level monitoring in diabetic or hyperglycemic patients. Specifically, glucose monitoring using non-invasive techniques, such as spectroscopy-based methods, polarimetry, fluorescence, electromagnetic variations, transdermal extraction-based methods and using body fluids, has been discussed. The various strategies adopted for improving the overall specificity and performance of biosensors are discussed.,In conclusion, the technology of glucose oxidase-based biosensors for glucose level monitoring is becoming a strong competitor, probably because of high specificity and selectivity, low cost and increased patient compliance. Many industries currently working in this field include Google, Novartis and Microsoft, which demonstrates the significance and strong market potential of self-monitored glucose-oxidase-based biosensors in the near future.,This review paper summarizes comprehensive strategies for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in diabetic patients using non-invasive glucose-oxidase biosensors. Non-invasive techniques received significant research interest because of high sensitivity and better patient compliance, unlike invasive ones. Although the results from these innovative devices require frequent calibration against direct BG data, they might be a preferable candidate for future CGM. However, the challenges associated with designing accurate level sensors to biomonitor BG data easily and painlessly needs to be addressed.

中文翻译：

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用于从生物体液中检测葡萄糖的基于葡萄糖氧化酶的生物传感器

本研究旨在总结使用葡萄糖氧化酶生物传感器对糖尿病患者进行连续血糖监测 (CGM) 的不同非侵入性技术。在糖尿病患者中，与传统的实验室测量不同，通过微创技术自我监测血糖 (BG) 水平提供了一种快速测量血糖浓度的方法。微创技术的缺点包括身体疼痛、焦虑和患者依从性降低。为了克服这些限制，研究人员将注意力转移到无痛无创血糖监测系统的开发上，取得了令人鼓舞的结果。本研究回顾了糖尿病患者连续血糖水平监测的微创和无创方法的发展。或高血糖患者。具体来说，已经讨论了使用非侵入性技术（例如基于光谱的方法、偏振测定法、荧光、电磁变化、基于透皮提取的方法和使用体液）的葡萄糖监测。讨论了用于提高生物传感器整体特异性和性能的各种策略。 总之，基于葡萄糖氧化酶的葡萄糖水平监测生物传感器技术正在成为强有力的竞争者，这可能是因为高特异性和选择性、低成本和增加患者依从性。目前在该领域工作的许多行业包括谷歌、诺华和微软，这表明基于自我监测的葡萄糖氧化酶生物传感器在不久的将来具有重要意义和强大的市场潜力。这篇综述文章总结了使用非侵入性葡萄糖氧化酶生物传感器对糖尿病患者进行连续血糖监测 (CGM) 的综合策略。与侵入性技术不同，非侵入性技术因其高灵敏度和更好的患者依从性而受到了极大的研究兴趣。尽管这些创新设备的结果需要针对直接 BG 数据进行频繁校准，但它们可能是未来 CGM 的首选候选者。然而，需要解决与设计准确的液位传感器以轻松无痛地生物监测 BG 数据相关的挑战。尽管这些创新设备的结果需要针对直接 BG 数据进行频繁校准，但它们可能是未来 CGM 的首选候选者。然而，需要解决与设计准确的液位传感器以轻松无痛地生物监测 BG 数据相关的挑战。尽管这些创新设备的结果需要针对直接 BG 数据进行频繁校准，但它们可能是未来 CGM 的首选候选者。然而，需要解决与设计准确的液位传感器以轻松无痛地生物监测 BG 数据相关的挑战。