Abstract

Plants establish multitrophic interactions above- and belowground with arthropods and microorganisms. Trichoderma spp. are common soil fungi that colonize roots and promote plant growth and health. Under controlled conditions, Trichoderma spp. have been shown to induce plant resistance against the attack of foliar herbivore insects. Here, we investigated the effect of field inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum in the rhizosphere of maize plants during the vegetative plant growth phase on the community of pest and beneficial arthropods associated with maize foliage. Independent of T. harzianum inoculation, the arthropod community was complex and harbored chewing and piercing-sucking herbivores as well as natural enemies. Inoculation with T. harzianum increased the abundance of chewing herbivores, decreased the number of piercing-sucking herbivores and increased the abundance of sampled pest regulating arthropods. In addition, we provide a biochemical basis of shoot metabolites, which may be involved in the alterations of the foliage arthropod community mediated by T. harzianum. Inoculation with T. harzianum caused substantial changes in the levels of sucrose, jasmonic acid (an activator of defense responses against herbivory) and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (a volatile compound that attracts natural enemies of herbivores). In conclusion, our results show that inoculation with T. harzianum can alter the arthropod community associated with maize foliage and reduce the abundance of specific pest insects under field conditions.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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根相关真菌哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum）在玉米农业生态系统中叶片节肢动物群落的变化

摘要

植物在地下和地下与节肢动物和微生物建立了多营养的相互作用。木霉属。是常见的土壤真菌，可在根部定植并促进植物生长和健康。在受控条件下，木霉属。已显示可诱导植物抵抗叶面食草动物的侵袭。在这里，我们调查了营养植物生长阶段在玉米植物的根际中接种哈茨木霉的田间接种对与玉米叶相关的害虫和有益节肢动物群落的影响。独立于哈茨木霉接种后，节肢动物群落非常复杂，里面藏有咀嚼和吸食性的食草动物以及天敌。哈茨木霉的接种增加了咀嚼草食动物的丰度，减少了刺吸性草食动物的数量，并增加了采样的害虫调节节肢动物的丰度。此外，我们提供了芽代谢产物的生化基础，芽代谢产物可能参与了哈茨木霉介导的节肢动物节肢动物群落的改变。接种哈茨木霉引起蔗糖的水平显着变化，茉莉酸（针对取食防卫反应的活化剂）和（Ž）-3-己烯-1-醇（一种挥发性化合物，可吸引食草动物的天敌）。总之，我们的结果表明，在田间条件下接种哈茨木霉可以改变与玉米叶片相关的节肢动物群落，并减少特定害虫的数量。

图形摘要