The evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice in summer is one of the main factors that affect sea-ice albedo and hence the polar climate system. Due to the different spectral properties of open water, melt pond and sea ice, the melt pond fraction (MPF) can be retrieved using a fully constrained least-squares algorithm, which shows a high accuracy with root mean square error ~0.06 based on the validation experiment using WorldView-2 image. In this study, the evolution of ponds on first-year and multiyear ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago was compared based on Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 images. The relationships of pond coverage with air temperature and albedo were analysed. The results show that the pond coverage on first-year ice changed dramatically with seasonal maximum of 54%, whereas that on multiyear ice changed relatively flat with only 30% during the entire melting period. During the stage of pond formation, the ponds expanded rapidly when the temperature increased to over 0°C for three consecutive days. Sea-ice albedo shows a significantly negative correlation (R = −1) with the MPF in melt season and increases gradually with the refreezing of ponds and sea ice.

中文翻译：

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利用光学卫星数据监测加拿大北极群岛第一年和多年海冰融化池的演变

夏季北极海冰融化池的演化是影响海冰反照率进而影响极地气候系统的主要因素之一。由于开放水域、融池和海冰的光谱特性不同，可以使用完全约束的最小二乘算法来检索融池分数（MPF），该算法基于使用 WorldView-2 图像的验证实验。在这项研究中，基于 Sentinel-2 和 Landsat 8 图像比较了加拿大北极群岛第一年和多年冰上池塘的演变。分析了池塘覆盖率与气温和反照率的关系。结果表明，第一年冰上的池塘覆盖率发生了巨大变化，季节性最大值为 54%，而多年冰上的变化相对平坦，在整个融化期间只有 30%。在成池阶段，当温度连续三天升至0℃以上时，池塘迅速扩大。海冰反照率呈显着负相关（R= -1) MPF 在融化季节，随着池塘和海冰的重新结冰而逐渐增加。