One of the most common diseases affecting Stone-fruits is Bacterial Canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) and morsprunorum (Psm). In this study, Pss and Psm were isolated from stone-fruit trees from the Western Aegean region (WA) and Lake Van Basin (LVB) of Turkey, where pesticide usage is high and low, respectively. We aimed to determine copper resistance levels, the involved resistance mechanisms and the reactions to copper pesticides of these isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and lethal dose 50 (LD50) of the isolates were detected using CuSO4 and other Cu-pesticides. To determine the mechanisms of copper resistance, the presence of copA and cusA genes was investigated. The modified Fe/Cu Blue-CAS Agar media were used to investigate the relationship between the isolates’ copper resistance and each isolate’s ability to produce siderophores. The highest MIC value was 2 mM in CuSO4. The tolerance levels of the isolates from the WA and LVB regions were 29% and 47% susceptible, 29% and 47% low resistance and 42% and 6% resistant, respectively. The most successful pesticide was (CuSO4 + Ca (OH)2) + mancozeb. While none of the isolates had the cusA gene, four isolates had the copA gene, which was proven to be plasmid-borne. Differences between copA gene sequences were detected and were determined to be not related to the pathovars. The amount of siderophore produced against copper in Ps pathovars affected seems to be related with the resistance level. Also, Ps pathovars were able to tolerate copper at doses as high as 1.1 mM by producing siderophores, and at doses of 1.7 mM and above through the copA gene.

中文翻译：

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核果树丁香假单胞菌病原菌抗铜的可能机制

影响核果的最常见疾病之一是细菌性溃疡病，由丁香假单胞菌引起。丁香 (Pss) 和 morsprunorum (Psm)。在这项研究中，Pss 和 Psm 是从来自西爱琴海地区 (WA) 和土耳其凡湖盆地 (LVB) 的核果树中分离出来的，这两个地区的农药使用量分别很高和很低。我们的目的是确定铜的抗性水平、涉及的抗性机制以及这些分离株对铜农药的反应。使用 CuSO4 和其他铜农药检测分离株的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) 和致死剂量 50 (LD50)。为了确定铜抗性的机制，研究了 copA 和 cusA 基因的存在。使用改良的 Fe/Cu Blue-CAS 琼脂培养基研究分离株的铜抗性与每个分离株产生铁载体的能力之间的关系。CuSO4 中的最高 MIC 值为 2 mM。来自 WA 和 LVB 地区的分离株的耐受水平分别为 29% 和 47% 敏感，29% 和 47% 低耐药性以及 42% 和 6% 耐药性。最成功的农药是 (CuSO4 + Ca (OH)2) + 代森锰锌。虽然没有一个分离株具有 cusA 基因，但有四个分离株具有 copA 基因，该基因被证明是质粒携带的。检测到 copA 基因序列之间的差异，并确定与病原体无关。在受影响的 Ps 病原体中产生的针对铜的铁载体的数量似乎与抵抗水平有关。还，