Nano-fertilization of agricultural systems is emerging as an innovative and unique strategy for agronomic fortification. In this study, a laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the physiological performance of soybean (Glycine max L.) exposed to either foliar or soil amendments of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles (nFe₂O₃; 15, 30, and 60 mg/pot), fulvic acid-coated nFe₂O₃ (nFe₂O₃-FA; 60 mg nFe₂O₃/pot), and Fe-EDTA during an eight-week growing period. The experimental results demonstrated that none of the treatments produced toxicity stress or growth disorders. Amendments of nFe₂O₃ and nFe₂O₃-FA remarkably enhanced chlorophyll content, plant biomass, and root developmental indices. Fe-EDTA, a conventional fertilizer, did not provide satisfactory results compared with the other treatments. Regarding the supply of iron (Fe), foliar amendment provided 2–4 times higher shoot Fe concentration than soil application. Foliar amendments of nFe₂O₃-FA exclusively stimulated biological nitrogen fixation, which was primarily reflected in the formation of root nodules. This finding might be associated with the binary effect of the fulvic-Fe supply as well as enhanced potassium and zinc absorption in the plant than that of selective Fe penetration via negatively charged complexes. Further analysis of soil pH showed no evidence for facilitated Fe uptake via rhizosphere acidification. Conclusively, soybean responded better to the foliar amendment of nFe₂O₃-FA than nFe₂O₃ alone. This result suggests a novel perspective on the potential application of natural nanomaterial coating agents for nano-fertilization. From a practical perspective, it is necessary to consider the phosphorus (P) interaction and availability in the soil under nFe₂O₃ amendment, since the treatments substantially decreased P concentration in the soybean shoots, and thus a possible deficiency in plants under the critical pH value (below 6 and between 8–8.5) would be expected.

农业系统的纳米施肥正在作为一种创新的，独特的农艺强化策略而出现。在这项研究中，进行了一项实验室实验，以评估暴露于Fe ₂ O ₃纳米颗粒（n Fe ₂ O ₃； 15、30和60 mg / g ）的叶面或土壤改良剂下的大豆（Glycine max L.）的生理性能。锅），富里酸涂层的n Fe ₂ O ₃（n Fe ₂ O ₃ -FA; 60 mg n Fe ₂ O ₃/罐），并在八周的生长期内使用Fe-EDTA。实验结果表明，没有一种疗法产生毒性应激或生长障碍。修正Ñ的Fe ₂ ö ₃和Ñ的Fe ₂ ö ₃ -FA显着提高叶绿素含量，植物生物量和根发育指数。与其他处理相比，常规肥料Fe-EDTA没有提供令人满意的结果。关于铁（Fe）的供应，叶面改良剂提供的芽苗铁浓度比土壤施用高2-4倍。n Fe ₂ O _3的叶面修饰剂-FA专门刺激生物固氮，这主要反映在根瘤的形成中。这一发现可能与黄腐铁供应的二元效应以及植物中钾和锌吸收的增加（与通过带负电的配合物选择性渗透铁的增加）有关。对土壤pH值的进一步分析表明，没有证据表明通过根际酸化促进了铁的吸收。最终，大豆对n Fe ₂ O ₃ -FA的叶面修饰的反应要比n Fe ₂ O ₃更好。单独。该结果提出了关于天然纳米材料涂层剂在纳米施肥中潜在应用的新颖观点。从实际的角度来看，有必要考虑在n Fe ₂ O ₃改良下土壤中磷（P）的相互作用和有效性，因为这种处理方法大大降低了大豆芽中的磷浓度，因此可能导致磷不足。预期会达到临界pH值（低于6且介于8-8.5之间）。