Observational astronomy of tidal disruption events (TDEs) began with the detection of X-ray flares from quiescent galaxies during the ROSAT all-sky survey of 1990–1991. The flares complied with theoretical expectations, having high peak luminosities ( L x $L_{\mathrm{x}}$ up to ≥ 4 × 10 44 erg/s $\ge 4\times 10^{44}~\text{erg/s}$ ), a thermal spectrum with k T ∼ few × 10 5 K $kT\sim \text{few} \times 10^{5}~\text{K}$ , and a decline on timescales of months to years, consistent with a diminishing return of stellar debris to a black hole of mass 10 6 – 8 M ⊙ $10^{6\text{--}8}~M_{\odot }$ . These measurements gave solid proof that the nuclei of quiescent galaxies are habitually populated by a super-massive black hole. Beginning in 2000, XMM- Newton , Chandra and Swift have discovered further TDEs which have been monitored closely at multiple wavelengths. A general picture has emerged of, initially near-Eddington accretion, powering outflows of highly-ionised material, giving way to a calmer sub-Eddington phase, where the flux decays monotonically, and finally a low accretion rate phase with a harder X-ray spectrum indicative of the formation of a disk corona. There are exceptions to this rule though which at the moment are not well understood. A few bright X-ray TDEs have been discovered in optical surveys but in general X-ray TDEs show little excess emission in the optical band, at least at times coincident with the X-ray flare. X-ray TDEs are powerful new probes of accretion physics down to the last stable orbit, revealing the conditions necessary for launching jets and winds. Finally we see that evidence is mounting for nuclear and non-nuclear intermediate mass black holes based on TDE flares which are relatively hot and/or fast.

中文翻译：

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TDE 的 X 射线特性

潮汐干扰事件 (TDE) 的观测天文学始于 1990 年至 1991 年 ROSAT 全天巡天期间对静止星系的 X 射线耀斑的探测。耀斑符合理论预期，具有高峰值光度（ L x $L_{\mathrm{x}}$ 高达≥ 4 × 10 44 erg/s $\ge 4\times 10^{44}~\text{erg /s}$ )，一个热谱，k T ∼几个 × 10 5 K $kT\sim \text{few} \times 10^{5}~\text{K}$ ，并且在几个月的时间尺度上下降到年，与恒星碎片向质量为 10 6 – 8 M ⊙ $10^{6\text{--}8}~M_{\odot }$ 的黑洞的收益递减一致。这些测量提供了确凿的证据，证明静止星系的原子核习惯性地由一个超大质量黑洞组成。从 2000 年开始，XMM-牛顿，钱德拉和斯威夫特发现了更多的 TDE，这些 TDE 已在多个波长上受到密切监测。一般情况下，最初接近爱丁顿的吸积，为高度电离物质的外流提供动力，让位于更平静的亚爱丁顿相，在那里通量单调衰减，最后是低吸积率相和更硬的 X 射线指示盘状电晕形成的光谱。这条规则也有例外，但目前还不太清楚。在光学勘测中发现了一些明亮的 X 射线 TDE，但总的来说，X 射线 TDE 在光带中几乎没有多余的发射，至少有时与 X 射线耀斑同时发生。X 射线 TDE 是深入到最后一个稳定轨道的吸积物理学的强大新探测器，揭示了发射喷流和风的必要条件。