Context Habitat fragmentation per se (habitat subdivision independent of habitat loss) is a major driver of biodiversity change, potentially due to its impacts on climate. Habitat fragmentation may make landscapes hotter by increasing the amount of habitat edges, but can reduce landscape-level temperatures due to the “vegetation breeze” phenomenon. The plausibility of these two alternative hypotheses is unclear, as no study analyzed the effects of habitat fragmentation per se on temperature. Objectives We quantify, for the first time, the impacts of habitat fragmentation on landscape-level temperature across the globe. Methods We analyzed satellite data on forest cover and three climatic variables: mean daily temperature, albedo and evapotranspiration. The analyses were performed separately for tropical, temperate, and boreal regions. We compared the climatic variables between pairs of landscapes with similar amount of forest, but different levels of forest fragmentation (number of patches). Results Habitat fragmentation reduced landscape-level temperature in all climatic regions. The magnitude of this cooling was stronger in the tropics and weaker in the boreal region due to different evapotranspiration rates. This landscape-scale cooling contradicts local-scale studies, which have indicated that edge effects rise local temperatures. However, habitat fragmentation may intensify vegetation breeze, resulting in final cooling at the landscape scale. Conclusions Habitat fragmentation leads to colder landscapes. We propose a new conceptual model to unify local (edge-induced) and landscape-level effects of habitat fragmentation on temperature, advancing the understanding of the consequences of habitat fragmentation on climate globally.

中文翻译：

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栖息地破碎化会影响景观温度吗？全球分析

背景 栖息地破碎本身（与栖息地丧失无关的栖息地细分）是生物多样性变化的主要驱动因素，可能是由于其对气候的影响。栖息地破碎化可能会通过增加栖息地边缘的数量使景观变得更热，但由于“植被微风”现象会降低景观温度。这两个替代假设的合理性尚不清楚，因为没有研究分析栖息地破碎本身对温度的影响。目标 我们首次量化了栖息地破碎化对全球景观水平温度的影响。方法 我们分析了关于森林覆盖率和三个气候变量的卫星数据：日平均温度、反照率和蒸散量。对热带、温带和北方地区分别进行了分析。我们比较了森林数量相似但森林破碎化程度不同（斑块数量）的成对景观之间的气候变量。结果 栖息地破碎化降低了所有气候区的景观温度。由于蒸发蒸腾速率不同，这种降温的幅度在热带地区更强，而在北方地区则更弱。这种景观尺度的冷却与局部尺度的研究相矛盾，后者表明边缘效应会升高局部温度。然而，栖息地破碎化可能会加剧植被微风，导致景观尺度上的最终降温。结论 栖息地破碎化导致更冷的景观。我们提出了一个新的概念模型来统一栖息地破碎化对温度的局部（边缘诱导）和景观水平影响，