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Does habitat fragmentation affect landscape-level temperatures? A global analysis

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Abstract

Context

Habitat fragmentation per se (habitat subdivision independent of habitat loss) is a major driver of biodiversity change, potentially due to its impacts on climate. Habitat fragmentation may make landscapes hotter by increasing the amount of habitat edges, but can reduce landscape-level temperatures due to the “vegetation breeze” phenomenon. The plausibility of these two alternative hypotheses is unclear, as no study analyzed the effects of habitat fragmentation per se on temperature.

Objectives

We quantify, for the first time, the impacts of habitat fragmentation on landscape-level temperature across the globe.

Methods

We analyzed satellite data on forest cover and three climatic variables: mean daily temperature, albedo and evapotranspiration. The analyses were performed separately for tropical, temperate, and boreal regions. We compared the climatic variables between pairs of landscapes with similar amount of forest, but different levels of forest fragmentation (number of patches).

Results

Habitat fragmentation reduced landscape-level temperature in all climatic regions. The magnitude of this cooling was stronger in the tropics and weaker in the boreal region due to different evapotranspiration rates. This landscape-scale cooling contradicts local-scale studies, which have indicated that edge effects rise local temperatures. However, habitat fragmentation may intensify vegetation breeze, resulting in final cooling at the landscape scale.

Conclusions

Habitat fragmentation leads to colder landscapes. We propose a new conceptual model to unify local (edge-induced) and landscape-level effects of habitat fragmentation on temperature, advancing the understanding of the consequences of habitat fragmentation on climate globally.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Bruno Henrique Pimentel Rosado, Heitor Evangelista da Silva and Maria Lucia Lorini for constructive comments on the manuscript. We also thank Leonardo de Almeida Ramos for helping us with the figures.

Funding

This study was financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Processes No. E-26/010.002334/2016 and E-26/010.000398/2016), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq; process n. 424061/2016-3).

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  1. Landscape Ecology Lab, Department of Ecology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550900, Brazil

    Clarice B. Mendes & Jayme A. Prevedello

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  1. Clarice B. Mendes
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Clarice B. Mendes and Jayme A. Prevedello. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Clarice B. Mendes and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Mendes, C.B., Prevedello, J.A. Does habitat fragmentation affect landscape-level temperatures? A global analysis. Landscape Ecol 35, 1743–1756 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01041-5

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