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Neither superorganisms nor mere species aggregates: Charles Elton's sociological analogies and his moderate holism about ecological communities.
History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences ( IF 1.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-09 , DOI: 10.1007/s40656-020-00316-z
Antoine C Dussault 1, 2
Affiliation  

This paper analyzes community ecologist Charles Elton’s ideas on animal communities, and situates them with respect to the classical opposition between organicist–holistic and individualistic–reductionist ecological views drawn by many historians of ecology. It is argued that Elton espoused a moderate ecological holism, which drew a middle way between the stricter ecological holism advocated by organicist ecologists and the merely aggregationist views advocated by some of their opponents. It is also argued that Elton’s moderate ecological holism resonated with his preference for analogies between ecological communities and human societies over more common ones between communities and individual organisms. I discuss, on the one hand, how the functionalist-interactionist approach to community ecology introduced by Elton entailed a view of ecological communities as more or less self-maintaining functionally organized wholes, and how his ideas on this matter were incorporated into their views by organicist ecologists Frederic Clements, Victor Shelford, and Warder C. Allee et al. On the other hand, I identify some important divergences between Elton’s ecological ideas and those of organicist ecologists. Specifically, I show (1) how Elton’s ideas on species distribution, animal migrations, and ecological succession entailed a view of animal communities as exhibiting a weaker degree of part-whole integration than that attributed to them by Clements and Shelford; and (2) how Elton’s mixed stance on the balance of nature idea and his associated views on community stability attributed to communities a weaker form of self-regulation than that attributed to them by Allee et al.

中文翻译:

超级生物和物种都不是聚集体:查尔斯·埃尔顿的社会学类比及其对生态群落的适度整体主义。

本文分析了社区生态学家查尔斯·埃尔顿(Charles Elton)关于动物群落的观点,并将其置于许多生态学史学家所提出的有机主义-整体论和个人主义-还原论生态观点之间的经典对立之下。有人认为,埃尔顿拥护适度的生态整体主义,这在有机主义生态学家倡导的更严格的生态整体主义与某些反对者所倡导的仅是集权主义的观点之间居中。也有人认为,埃尔顿适度的生态整体主义与他偏爱生态社区与人类社会之间的类比,而不是社区与个体有机体之间更普遍的类比产生共鸣。我一方面讨论 埃尔顿(Elton)提出的功能主义-互动主义的社区生态学方法如何将生态社区视为一个或多或少自我维持的功能性组织整体,以及有机主义生态学家弗雷德里克·克莱门茨(Frederic Clements),维克多·谢尔福德(Victor Shelford)如何将其对这一问题的观点纳入他们的观点,和Warder C. Allee等。另一方面,我发现了埃尔顿的生态思想与有机主义生态学家之间的一些重要分歧。具体来说,我展示了(1)埃尔顿关于物种分布,动物迁徙和生态演替的观点如何引起动物群落的部分-整体整合程度低于克莱门茨和谢尔福德归因于它们的观点;(2)埃尔顿(Elton)对 以及有机主义者生态学家弗雷德里克·克莱门茨(Frederic Clements),维克多·谢尔福德(Victor Shelford)和沃德·C·阿利(Warder C. Allee)等人如何将他在这个问题上的想法纳入他们的观点。另一方面,我发现了埃尔顿的生态思想与有机主义生态学家之间的一些重要分歧。具体来说,我展示了(1)埃尔顿关于物种分布,动物迁徙和生态演替的观点如何引起动物群落的部分-整体整合程度低于克莱门茨和谢尔福德归因于它们的观点;(2)埃尔顿(Elton)对 以及有机主义者生态学家弗雷德里克·克莱门茨(Frederic Clements),维克多·谢尔福德(Victor Shelford)和沃德·C·阿利(Warder C. Allee)等人如何将他在这个问题上的想法纳入他们的观点。另一方面,我发现了埃尔顿的生态思想与有机主义生态学家之间的一些重要分歧。具体来说,我展示了(1)埃尔顿关于物种分布,动物迁徙和生态演替的观点如何引起动物群落的部分-整体整合程度低于克莱门茨和谢尔福德归因于它们的观点;(2)埃尔顿(Elton)对 具体来说,我展示了(1)埃尔顿关于物种分布,动物迁徙和生态演替的观点如何引起动物群落的部分-整体整合程度低于克莱门茨和谢尔福德归因于它们的观点;(2)埃尔顿(Elton)对 具体来说,我展示了(1)埃尔顿关于物种分布,动物迁徙和生态演替的观点如何引起动物群落的部分-整体整合程度低于克莱门茨和谢尔福德归因于它们的观点;(2)埃尔顿(Elton)对自然观点的平衡及其对社区稳定性的相关观点,归因于社区的自我调节形式比Allee等人所认为的弱。
更新日期:2020-06-09
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