Greater renewable energy penetration requires increasing energy storage capacity. Long-duration energy storage (LDES) will be required to balance intermittent renewable energy supply with daily, weekly, and even seasonal supply changes. At these timescales, traditional electrochemical batteries become uneconomical. Solid-particle thermal energy storage (TES) is a viable solution to this issue. Solid particles can achieve higher temperatures (>1,100°C) than the molten salt used in traditional concentrated solar power (CSP) TES systems. Higher temperatures yield higher power cycle thermal-electrical conversion efficiencies. However, at these higher temperatures, greater heat loss, and insulation material cost could negate the efficiency benefits. In this work, the insulation design of a full-size 3D containment silo capable of storing 5.51 GWht for the purpose of LDES for grid electricity was thermally analyzed. Proposed operating conditions were simulated using transient FEA methods. After 5 days (120 h) of storage, <3% thermal energy loss was achieved at a design storage temperature of 1,200°C. Material thermal limits were considered and met. Sensitivity of the storage system's performance to operational, climate, and temporal changes were also studied. These changes had minimal impacts on the thermal efficiency of the system but did have meaningful implications for other aspects of the insulation design.

更大的可再生能源渗透率要求增加储能能力。将需要长期储能（LDES），以使间歇性可再生能源供应与每日，每周，甚至季节性供应变化保持平衡。在这些时间尺度上，传统的电化学电池变得不经济。固体颗粒热能存储（TES）是解决此问题的可行解决方案。与传统的集中式太阳能（CSP）TES系统中使用的熔盐相比，固体颗粒可以获得更高的温度（> 1,100°C）。较高的温度产生较高的功率循环热电转换效率。但是，在这些较高的温度下，更大的热量损失和绝缘材料成本可能会抵消效率收益。在这项工作中，可容纳5人的全尺寸3D密闭筒仓的隔热设计。对用于LDES的51 GWht电网电力进行了热分析。使用瞬态有限元分析方法模拟了建议的运行条件。储存5天（120小时）后，设计储存温度为1200°C，热能损失<3％。考虑并满足材料的热极限。还研究了存储系统性能对操作，气候和时间变化的敏感性。这些变化对系统的热效率影响很小，但对绝缘设计的其他方面确实具有有意义的影响。考虑并满足材料的热极限。还研究了存储系统性能对操作，气候和时间变化的敏感性。这些变化对系统的热效率影响很小，但对绝缘设计的其他方面确实具有有意义的影响。考虑并满足材料的热极限。还研究了存储系统性能对操作，气候和时间变化的敏感性。这些变化对系统的热效率影响很小，但对绝缘设计的其他方面确实具有有意义的影响。