This study was carried out to clarify the vegetation decline due to air pollutants emitted in the process of industrial activities and the passive restoration of the vegetation due to socioeconomic changes after economic growth. To achieve this goal, we investigated the spatial distribution of vegetation, differences in species composition and diversity among vegetation types different in damage degree, vegetation dynamics, the age structure and annual ring growth of two dominant plant species, and the landscape change that occurred in this area over the last 50 years. Plant communities tended to be spatially distributed in the order of grassland, shrubland (dominated by Styrax japonicus Siebold and Zucc. community), and forests (dominated by Pinus thunbergii Parl. and Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zucc. communities), with increasing distance from the pollution source. The result of stand ordination based on vegetation data reflected the trend of such a spatial distribution. Species richness evaluated based on the species rank dominance curve was the highest in shrubland and the lowest in grassland; species richness in forests was intermediate. The size class distribution of woody plant species in four plant communities composing three vegetation types showed the possibility of them being replaced by forest in the late successional stage. However, the density of successor trees was relatively low, whereas the density of shrubby plants, which are resilient to air pollution, was very high. The age class distribution of a dominant species forming shrubland and pine forest showed that most of them were recruited after industrialization in this area. The period when young individuals in both vegetation types were recruited corresponded to the period when the annual ring growth of the pine trees that survived air pollution was reduced. An analysis of the landscape change in this area indicated that coniferous forest and agricultural field decreased greatly, whereas industrial area, residential area, mixed forest, and broadleaved forest showed increasing trends since construction of the industrial complex. As a result, the decrease in coniferous forest is usually due to vegetation decline and partially to succession, as the pine trees dominating the forest are not only sensitive to air pollution but are also shade-intolerant. The increase in mixed and broadleaved forests reflects vegetation decline or succession. Vegetation decline progressed for about 30 years after the construction of the industrial complex; it has begun to be restored passively since then, although the change has been slow. These results are in line with the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis that environmental degradation increases in the early stages of economic growth to a certain point, and, after a turning point, economic development leads to environmental improvements—thus, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation.

中文翻译：

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韩国丽川工业园区周边森林植被的衰退和被动恢复

进行这项研究的目的是弄清 工业活动过程中排放的空气污染物引起的植被减少以及经济增长后社会经济变化导致的植被被动恢复。为实现这一目标，我们调查了植被的空间分布，不同植被类型之间的物种组成和多样性差异，这些植被的破坏程度，植被动态，两种优势植物物种的年龄结构和年轮增长以及植被发生的景观变化。最近50年来，这个地区。往往植物群落在空间上分布在草原上的顺序，灌丛（由主导苏合香刺参西博尔德和山茱萸，社区）和森林（由主导松黑松帕尔。和松赤松Siebold和Zucc。社区），与污染源的距离越来越远。基于植被数据的林分排序结果反映了这种空间分布的趋势。根据物种等级优势度曲线评估的物种丰富度在灌木丛中最高，而草地最低。森林物种丰富度为中等。木本植物物种在构成三种植被类型的四个植物群落中的大小等级分布表明，在演替后期它们可能被森林所取代。但是，后继树木的密度相对较低，而能够抵抗空气污染的灌木植物的密度却很高。形成灌木林和松林的优势物种的年龄类别分布表明，大多数物种是在该地区工业化后招募的。招募两种植被类型的年轻人的时期对应于因空气污染幸存的松树年轮生长减少的时期。从该地区的景观变化分析来看，针叶林和农田减少了，而自工业园区建设以来，工业区，居民区，混交林和阔叶林呈现出增加的趋势。结果，针叶林的减少通常是由于植被减少而部分是由于演替，因为在森林中占主导地位的松树不仅对空气污染敏感，而且对阴凉处不敏感。混交林和阔叶林的增加反映了植被的减少或演替。工业园区建成后，植被减少持续了大约30年。此后，尽管变化缓慢，但已开始被动恢复。这些结果与环境库兹涅茨曲线假说相符，该假说认为，在经济增长的早期阶段，环境退化会加剧到一定程度，并且在转折点之后，经济发展会导致环境改善，因此，存在倒U型曲线。经济增长与环境恶化之间的关系。此后，尽管变化缓慢，但已开始被动恢复。这些结果与环境库兹涅茨曲线假说相符，该假说认为，在经济增长的早期阶段，环境退化会加剧到一定程度，并且在转折点之后，经济发展会导致环境改善，因此，存在倒U型曲线。经济增长与环境恶化之间的关系。此后，尽管变化缓慢，但已开始被动恢复。这些结果与环境库兹涅茨曲线假说相符，该假说认为，在经济增长的早期阶段，环境退化会加剧到一定程度，并且在转折点之后，经济发展会导致环境改善，因此存在倒U型经济增长与环境恶化之间的关系。