Eighty-six viruses have been isolated to date from grapevines worldwide. Some of these viruses are associated with economically damaging diseases such as leaf mottling and deformation, vein clearing, leafroll, degeneration and red blotch. They belong to the families Betaflexiviridae , Caulimoviridae , Closteroviridae , Secoviridae and Geminiviridae , and are transmitted by diverse vectors such as mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae), an aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae), dagger nematodes (Nematoda: Longidoridae), a treehopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae) and eriophyid mites (Acari: Eriophyidae). Management of these viruses primarily relies on preventive measures to limit their presence in the propagation and planting material. In the vineyard, specific disease scenario-based strategies such as rogueing in combination with agrochemical applications to limit vector populations, if appropriate, and the removal of entire parcels and their replacement with clean planting material, including vector tolerant rootstocks, if opportune, are implemented to reduce their incidence, prevent their spread and mitigate their impact. These solutions are simple but their implementation is often suboptimal and their adoption is largely low. Some of the uncertainties that hinder their endorsement are captured here, and options to refine them and to enhance their adoption are discussed.

中文翻译：

---

葡萄树病毒：多种不同的物种，在葡萄园中采用简单但总体上采用的管理解决方案很差

迄今为止，已从全世界的葡萄藤中分离出 86 种病毒。这些病毒中的一些与具有经济破坏性的疾病有关，例如叶斑和变形、叶脉清除、叶卷曲、退化和红斑病。它们属于 Betaflexiviridae、Caulimoviridae、Closteroviridae、Secoviridae 和 Geminiviridae 科，并通过多种载体传播，例如粉蚧（半翅目：Pseudococcidae）、软介壳虫（半翅目：球虫科）、蚜虫（半翅目： Nematoda: Longidoridae), 树蝉 (Hemiptera: Membracidae) 和毛螨科 (Acari: Eriophyidae)。这些病毒的管理主要依靠预防措施来限制它们在繁殖和种植材料中的存在。在葡萄园里，基于特定疾病情景的策略，例如在适当情况下结合农用化学品应用来限制病媒种群的流氓行为，以及移除整个包裹并替换为清洁的种植材料，包括抗病媒砧木（如果合适的话），以降低其发病率，防止其传播并减轻其影响。这些解决方案很简单，但它们的实施往往不是最理想的，而且它们的采用率很低。此处捕获了阻碍其认可的一些不确定性，并讨论了改进它们并提高其采用率的选项。实施以减少其发生率，防止其传播并减轻其影响。这些解决方案很简单，但它们的实施往往不是最理想的，而且它们的采用率很低。此处捕获了阻碍其认可的一些不确定性，并讨论了改进它们并提高其采用率的选项。实施以减少其发生率，防止其传播并减轻其影响。这些解决方案很简单，但它们的实施往往不是最理想的，而且它们的采用率很低。此处捕获了阻碍其认可的一些不确定性，并讨论了改进它们并提高其采用率的选项。