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Grapevine viruses: a multitude of diverse species with simple but overall poorly adopted management solutions in the vineyard

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Abstract

Eighty-six viruses have been isolated to date from grapevines worldwide. Some of these viruses are associated with economically damaging diseases such as leaf mottling and deformation, vein clearing, leafroll, degeneration and red blotch. They belong to the families Betaflexiviridae, Caulimoviridae, Closteroviridae, Secoviridae and Geminiviridae, and are transmitted by diverse vectors such as mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae), an aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae), dagger nematodes (Nematoda: Longidoridae), a treehopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae) and eriophyid mites (Acari: Eriophyidae). Management of these viruses primarily relies on preventive measures to limit their presence in the propagation and planting material. In the vineyard, specific disease scenario-based strategies such as rogueing in combination with agrochemical applications to limit vector populations, if appropriate, and the removal of entire parcels and their replacement with clean planting material, including vector tolerant rootstocks, if opportune, are implemented to reduce their incidence, prevent their spread and mitigate their impact. These solutions are simple but their implementation is often suboptimal and their adoption is largely low. Some of the uncertainties that hinder their endorsement are captured here, and options to refine them and to enhance their adoption are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

The author is recognizing the tireless efforts of numerous colleagues around the world in producing and maintaining virus-tested foundation vine stocks, in communicating virus disease management solutions to the grape and wine industries, in assisting nurseries produce clean planting material, and in helping growers and vineyard managers control virus diseases in the vineyard. This article is dedicated to the memory of Prof. G.P. Martelli, Università degli Studi di Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ in Bari, Italy. Prof. Martelli served as President of the Council for the Study of Virus and Virus-like Diseases of the Grapevine (ICVG) for more than 30 years. His leadership inspired us, his guidance carried us and his generosity and friendship transported us. Prof. Martelli committed to the authorship and publication of this article prior to suddenly passing away in January of 2020 (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42161-020-00495-5).

Funding

Activities in the author’s program in support of the production of clean, virus-tested grapevines are supported by the USDA-APHIS National Clean Plant Network, the New York Wine and Grape Foundation, and the New York Department of Agriculture and Markets.

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  1. Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 15 Castle Creek Drive, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA

    Marc Fuchs

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Correspondence to Marc Fuchs.

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Fuchs, M. Grapevine viruses: a multitude of diverse species with simple but overall poorly adopted management solutions in the vineyard. J Plant Pathol 102, 643–653 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-020-00579-2

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