Mercury as the 3rd most toxic, non-biodegradable, and carcinogenic pollutant can adversely affect the ecosystem and health of living species through its bioaccumulation within the nature that can affect the top consumer in the food chain; therefore, it is vital to sense/remove Hg²⁺ within/from aqueous media using practical approaches. To address this matter, we modified the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with ultra-sensitive, interconnected, sulfurized, and porous nanostructure consisted of polyaniline-Fe₃O₄-silver diethyldithiocarbamate (PANi-F-S) to enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor. Obtained results showed that at optimum conditions (i.e., pH value of 7, deposition potential of − 0.8 V, and accumulation time of 120 s), for Hg²⁺ concentration ranging from 0.4 to 60 nM, the modified electrode showing linear relative coefficient of 0.9983, LOD of 0.051 nM, LOQ of 0.14 nM, and sensitivity of 1618.86 μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻² highlights superior sensitivity of the developed platform until picomolar level. Additionally, the modified electrode showed ideal repeatability, stability, reproducibility, and selectivity (by considering Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Co²⁺ as metal interferences) and recovered more than 99% of the Hg²⁺ ions within non-biological (mineral, tap, and industrial waters) and biological (blood plasma sample) fluids.

Graphical abstract

汞是第三大毒性最高，不可生物降解和致癌的污染物，可通过其在自然界中的生物蓄积性而对食物物种的生态系统和健康产生不利影响，而生物蓄积性会影响食物链中的最大消费者；因此，使用实际方法在水介质内/从水介质中去除Hg ²⁺至关重要。为了解决这个问题，我们对玻碳电极（GCE）进行了修饰，使其具有由聚苯胺-Fe ₃ O ₄组成的超灵敏，互连，硫化和多孔纳米结构。-二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银（PANi-FS），可增强传感器的灵敏度，选择性和检测极限（LOD）。所得结果表明，在最佳条件下（即pH值为7，沉积电位为-0.8 V，累积时间为120 s），对于Hg ²⁺浓度为0.4至60 nM的情况，改性电极的线性相对系数为0.9983，LOD为0.051 nM，LOQ为0.14 nM和灵敏度为1618.86μAμM ^-1  cm ^-2突出显示了开发平台在皮摩尔级之前的优越灵敏度。此外，修饰电极显示出理想的可重复性，稳定性，可重复性和选择性（考虑到Zn 2 ⁺，Cd ²⁺ Pb 2 ⁺，Cu²⁺，Ni ²⁺和Co ²⁺作为金属干扰物），并在非生物（矿泉水，自来水和工业用水）和生物（血液血浆样品）流体中回收了99％以上的Hg ²⁺离子。

图形概要