The paper summarizes exhaust emissions measurements on two diesel-electric locomotives and one diesel-hydraulic railcar, each tested for several days during scheduled passenger service. While real driving emissions of buses decrease with fleet turnaround and have been assessed by many studies, there are virtually no realistic emissions data on diesel rail vehicles, many of which are decades old. The engines were fitted with low-power portable online monitoring instruments, including a portable Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectrometer, online particle measurement, and in two cases with proportional particle sampling systems, all installed in engine compartments. Due to space constraints and overhead electric traction lines, exhaust flow was computed from engine operating data. Real-world operation was characterized by relatively fast power level transitions during accelerations and interleaved periods of high load and idle, and varied considerably among service type and routes. Spikes in PM emissions during accelerations and storage of PM in the exhaust were observed. Despite all engines approaching the end of their life, the emissions per passenger-km were very low compared to automobiles. Tests were done at very low costs with no disruption of the train service, yielded realistic data, and are also applicable to diesel-hydraulic units, which cannot be tested at standstill.

中文翻译：

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在捷克铁路上按计划的旅客列车行驶期间，柴油机车和机动有轨电车的实际排气排放

本文总结了在两台柴油电力机车和一台柴油液压铁路车上的废气排放测量结果，在定期客运服务期间对它们进行了几天的测试。尽管公交车的实际驾驶排放随着车队的周转而减少，并且已经通过许多研究进行了评估，但实际上并没有关于柴油轨道车辆的现实排放数据，其中许多已经使用了数十年。发动机配备了低功率便携式在线监测仪器，包括便携式傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱仪，在线颗粒测量以及两种情况下的比例颗粒采样系统，均安装在发动机舱中。由于空间限制和架空电力牵引线，从发动机运行数据计算了排气流量。实际运行的特点是，在加速期间以及高负荷和怠速的交错时间段内，功率电平转换相对较快，并且在服务类型和路线之间变化很大。观察到加速过程中PM排放的尖峰以及排气中PM的存储。尽管所有发动机的使用寿命都已接近尾声，但与汽车相比，每乘客公里的排放量仍然非常低。测试以非常低的成本进行，没有中断火车服务，获得了真实的数据，并且也适用于无法在静止状态下进行测试的柴油液压单元。尽管所有发动机的使用寿命都已接近尾声，但与汽车相比，每乘客公里的排放量仍然非常低。测试以非常低的成本进行，没有中断火车服务，获得了真实的数据，并且也适用于无法在静止状态下进行测试的柴油液压单元。尽管所有发动机的使用寿命都已接近尾声，但与汽车相比，每乘客公里的排放量仍然非常低。测试以非常低的成本进行，没有中断火车服务，获得了真实的数据，并且也适用于无法在静止状态下进行测试的柴油液压单元。