In this review article, we first briefly introduce the transport theory and quantum molecular dynamics model applied in the study of the heavy ion collisions from low to intermediate energies. The developments of improved quantum molecular dynamics model (ImQMD) and ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics model (UrQMD), are reviewed. The reaction mechanism and phenomena related to the fusion, multinucleon transfer, fragmentation, collective flow and particle production are reviewed and discussed within the framework of the two models. The constraints on the isospin asymmetric nuclear equation of state and in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections by comparing the heavy ion collision data with transport models calculations in last decades are also discussed, and the uncertainties of these constraints are analyzed as well. Finally, we discuss the future direction of the development of the transport models for improving the understanding of the reaction mechanism, the descriptions of various observables, the constraint on the nuclear equation of state, as well as for the constraint on in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections.

中文翻译：

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量子分子动力学模型的进展及其在重离子碰撞中的应用

在这篇综述文章中，我们首先简要介绍用于研究从低能到中能的重离子碰撞的输运理论和量子分子动力学模型。综述了改进的量子分子动力学模型（ImQMD）和超相对论量子分子动力学模型（UrQMD）的发展。在两个模型的框架内，对与融合，多核子转移，断裂，集体流动和颗粒产生有关的反应机理和现象进行了回顾和讨论。通过将重离子碰撞数据与传输模型计算相比较，讨论了等位旋态不对称核态方程和中等核子-核子截面的约束条件，并分析了这些约束条件的不确定性。最后，