Abstract
In this review article, we first briefly introduce the transport theory and quantum molecular dynamics model applied in the study of the heavy ion collisions from low to intermediate energies. The developments of improved quantum molecular dynamics model (ImQMD) and ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics model (UrQMD), are reviewed. The reaction mechanism and phenomena related to the fusion, multinucleon transfer, fragmentation, collective flow and particle production are reviewed and discussed within the framework of the two models. The constraints on the isospin asymmetric nuclear equation of state and in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections by comparing the heavy ion collision data with transport models calculations in last decades are also discussed, and the uncertainties of these constraints are analyzed as well. Finally, we discuss the future direction of the development of the transport models for improving the understanding of the reaction mechanism, the descriptions of various observables, the constraint on the nuclear equation of state, as well as for the constraint on in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections.
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Acknowledgements
Yingxun Zhang acknowledges the supports in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11875323, 11875125, 11475262, 10675172, 11075215, 11475262, 11790323, 11790324, 11790325, and 11961141003), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFA0404404), and the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project (No. WDJC-2019-13). Ning Wang acknowledges the supports in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U1867212 and 11422548), the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Nos. 2015GXNSFDA139004, 2017GXNSFGA198001). Qingfeng Li acknowledges the supports in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11875125, 11847315, 11375062, 11505057, 11947410, and 11747312), and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LY18A050002), and the “Ten-Thousand Talent Program” of Zhejiang Province. Junlong Tian acknowledges the supports in part by the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11961131010 and 11475004). Li Ou acknowledges the supports in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11965004), and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province (No. 2016GXNSFFA380001), Foundation of Guangxi Innovative Team and Distinguished Scholar in Institutions of Higher Education. Min Liu acknowledges the supports in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11875323). Kai Zhao acknowledges the supports in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11675266, 11005155, 11475262, 11275052, 11375062, 11547312, and 11275068) and the National Key Basic Research Development Program of China (Nos. 2007CB209900 and 2013CB834404). Xizhen Wu acknowledges the supports in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 10235020, 10979023, 11005155, 11365004, 11475004, and 11675266). Zhuxia Li acknowledges the supports in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 19975073, 10175093, 10175089, 10235030, 11275052, 11375062, 11475262, 11475004, 11875323, and 11875125), and the National Key Basic Research Development Program of China (Nos. G20000774 and 2007CB209900).
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Zhang, YX., Wang, N., Li, QF. et al. Progress of quantum molecular dynamics model and its applications in heavy ion collisions. Front. Phys. 15, 54301 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-020-0961-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-020-0961-9