The color characteristics, vibration spectra, phase and mineral composition, internal structural organization of several fragments of the ancient Roman mosaics from the Roman Mosaic Museum, Constanta, Romania were studied by non-destructive (Chromatic analysis, Neutron Diffraction, Neutron Tomography) and micro-invasive techniques (Optical Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Wavelength Dispersion X-ray Fluorescence). These investigations were performed in order to characterize the original Roman mosaic fragments. The major and minor phase components of the studied mosaic fragments were determined, the crystal structure of the main phases was analyzed, and their three-dimension spatial arrangement was reconstructed. The similar composition of the major phases of all mosaic fragments can indicate a generic recipe for making mosaic elements, but minor phases were presumably added for coloring of mosaic pieces. Some degradation areas inside the volume of the mosaic fragments were found by means of neutron diffraction and neutron tomography methods. These degradation areas are probably related to the formation of iron hydroxides during chemical interactions of mosaic fragments with the sea and urban polluted atmosphere.

中文翻译：

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用于表征古罗马马赛克碎片的非破坏性和微创技术

通过无损（色谱分析、中子衍射、中子断层扫描）和显微成像技术研究了罗马尼亚康斯坦察罗马马赛克博物馆中古罗马马赛克的几个碎片的颜色特征、振动光谱、相和矿物组成、内部结构组织。 - 侵入性技术（光学显微镜、X 射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜-能量色散 X 射线光谱、拉曼光谱、波长色散 X 射线荧光）。进行这些调查是为了表征原始的罗马马赛克碎片。确定了所研究镶嵌碎片的主次相成分，分析了主相的晶体结构，重建了它们的三维空间排列。所有马赛克碎片的主要相的相似组成可以表明制作马赛克元素的通用配方，但可能添加了次要相用于马赛克碎片的着色。通过中子衍射和中子断层扫描方法发现镶嵌碎片体积内的一些降解区域。这些退化区域可能与镶嵌碎片与海洋和城市污染大气的化学相互作用期间形成氢氧化铁有关。