Health risks which result from exposure to pesticides have sparked awareness among researchers, triggering the idea of developing nanoencapsulation pesticides with the aim to enhance cytoprotection as well as genoprotection of the pesticides. In addition, nanocapsules of pesticides have slow release capability, high bioavailability, and site-specific delivery, which has attracted great interest from researchers. Hence, the objective of this work is to synthesize a nanoformulation of a fungicide of different sizes, namely, chitosan-hexaconazole nanoparticles (18 nm), chitosan-dazomet nanoparticles (7 nm), and chitosan-hexaconazole-dazomet nanoparticles (5 nm), which were then subjected to toxicological evaluations, including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, cell death assay, and dermal irritation assays. Incubation of chitosan-based nanofungicides with V79-4 hamster lung cell did not reveal cytotoxicity or genotoxicity, potentially suggesting that encapsulation with chitosan reduces direct toxicity of the toxic fungicides. Meanwhile, pure fungicide revealed its high cytotoxic effect on V79-4 hamster lung cells. In addition, dermal exposure assessment on rabbits revealed that chitosan-hexaconazole nanoparticles are classified under corrosive subcategory 1C, while chitosan-dazomet nanoparticles are classified under corrosive subcategory 1B. Moreover, both chitosan-hexaconazole nanoparticles and chitosan-dazomet nanoparticles are classified as causing mild irritation.

中文翻译：

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基于壳聚糖的农杆菌杀菌剂的细胞保护、基因保护和皮肤暴露评估。

接触农药造成的健康风险引起了研究人员的认识，引发了开发纳米胶囊农药的想法，旨在增强农药的细胞保护和基因保护。此外，农药纳米胶囊具有缓释能力、高生物利用度和定点递送等特点，引起了研究人员的极大兴趣。因此，本工作的目的是合成不同尺寸的杀菌剂纳米制剂，即壳聚糖-己唑醇纳米颗粒（18 nm）、壳聚糖-棉唑纳米颗粒（7 nm）和壳聚糖-己唑醇-棉唑纳米颗粒（5 nm）然后进行毒理学评估，包括细胞毒性、遗传毒性、细胞死亡测定和皮肤刺激测定。基于壳聚糖的纳米杀菌剂与 V79-4 仓鼠肺细胞的孵育没有显示出细胞毒性或遗传毒性，这可能表明用壳聚糖封装可降低有毒杀菌剂的直接毒性。同时，纯杀菌剂对V79-4仓鼠肺细胞显示出高细胞毒作用。此外，对兔子的皮肤暴露评估显示，壳聚糖-己唑醇纳米颗粒属于腐蚀性子类别1C，而壳聚糖-棉唑纳米颗粒属于腐蚀性子类别1B。此外，壳聚糖-己唑醇纳米颗粒和壳聚糖-棉唑纳米颗粒均被归类为引起轻度刺激。