Inappropriate sleep duration and poor sleep quality are associated with risk of stroke, but their interactive effect on stroke is unknown. We explored the interactive effect of sleep quality and duration on stroke risk. A prospective cohort study was conducted with 41,786 adults. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Sleep duration was measured by average hours of sleep per night. Cox regression models were used to calculate the association of sleep duration and quality with stroke. The delta method and a non-conditional logistic regression model were used and the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), the attributable proportion (AP), and the synergy index (S) were calculated. Compared with sleep duration 6–8 h/day, the risk ratio of stroke was 1.63 (1.23–2.11) times for sleep duration <6 h/day and 1.40 (1.08–1.75) times for >8 h/day. The stroke risk ratio was 2.37 (1.52–3.41) times in subjects with poor sleep quality compared with those with good sleep quality. Women who slept <6 h/day had higher stroke risk than men who slept <6 h/day. Men who slept >8 h/day had higher stroke risk than women who slept >8 h/day. Men with poor sleep quality had higher stroke risk than women with poor sleep quality. Stroke was associated with short/long sleep duration and poor sleep quality in subjects aged >46 years, compared with those aged 18–45 years. Stroke occurred more frequently in subjects with poor sleep quality combined with short sleep duration (odds ratio: 6.75; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.45–14.12). RERI, AP, and S values (and their 95% CIs) were 5.54 (3.75–8.12), 0.72 (0.56–0.80), and 5.69 (4.23–9.90) for the poor sleep quality interact with short sleep duration. In persons with poor sleep quality accompanied by long sleep duration, RERI, AP, and S (95% CI) were 1.12 (1.01–1.27), 0.35 (0.26–0.51), and 2.05 (1.57–2.96), respectively. Subjective sleep disturbances are related with risk of stroke in Chinese adults. There are additive interactions between short/long sleep duration and poor sleep quality that affect risk of stroke.