The purpose of this study was to select herbs and spices with potent biofilm eradication activities. Further, the combined effects of herb and spice extracts against pathogenic biofilms were evaluated. The biofilm eradication activities of ethanol extracts of 104 herbs and spices were measured by combining a colorimetric microbial viability assay with a biofilm formation technique. Ethanol extract of clove had potent biofilm eradication activities against Escherichia coli, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Streptococcus mutans. Ethanol extracts of eucalyptus and rosemary had potent biofilm eradication activities against P. gingivalis, Staphylococcus aureus and S. mutans. The combination of extracts of clove with eucalyptus or rosemary showed synergistic or additive effects, or both, on biofilm eradication activities. The main biofilm inhibitors in the ethanol extracts of clove, eucalyptus and rosemary were eugenol, macrocarpals and carnosic acid, respectively. The combinations of extracts of clove with eucalyptus or rosemary had potent biofilm eradication activities against oral and food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The findings of the present study reveal that specific combinations of herb and spice extracts may prevent and control biofilm-related oral diseases, food spoilage, and food poisoning.

中文翻译：

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单独的草本和香料提取物以及联合对抗口腔和食源性致病细菌的生物膜根除活性

本研究的目的是选择具有有效清除生物膜活性的草药和香料。此外，还评估了草药和香料提取物对病原生物膜的综合作用。通过将比色微生物活力测定与生物膜形成技术相结合，测量了 104 种草药和香料的乙醇提取物的生物膜根除活性。丁香乙醇提取物对大肠杆菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌和变形链球菌具有有效的生物膜根除活性。桉树和迷迭香的乙醇提取物对牙龈卟啉单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和变形链球菌具有有效的生物膜根除活性。丁香提取物与桉树或迷迭香的组合对生物膜根除活动显示出协同或相加作用，或两者兼而有之。丁香、桉树和迷迭香的乙醇提取物中的主要生物膜抑制剂分别是丁香酚、大腕和鼠尾草酸。丁香提取物与桉树或迷迭香的组合对口腔和食源性致病菌具有有效的生物膜根除活性。本研究的结果表明，草药和香料提取物的特定组合可以预防和控制与生物膜相关的口腔疾病、食物腐败和食物中毒。