The maintenance of human well-being and development is dependent on ecosystem goods and services. However, natural ecosystems and biodiversity have been disturbed by human activities. Therefore, assessment of ecosystem health has become one of the main topics in landscape management. The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of land use/land cover (LULC) change on regional ecosystem health (REH) in Izmir, Turkey. The study used the vigour, organization and resilience model together with potential ecosystem services to understand the relationships between LULC structure, ecosystems and human activities using the most populous and urbanized parts of Izmir metropolitan city. For this purpose, the CORINE land cover maps and Landsat satellite images for 1990 and 2018 were used. Our results showed that there was an increase in the mean regional ecosystem health value (from 48.06 to 49.32) during 1990–2018, but it changed in an inconsistent way in the different parts of the study area. The urban sprawl type and the presence of vegetation were important factors affecting the overall REH value. The spatiotemporal LULC changes were effective on all the ecosystem health indicators. Among all the ecosystem health indicators, ecosystem vigour and resilience were the most important factors positively affected the REH level in highly urbanized districts. Overall, our study showed that whilst the gains in vegetation between urban and rural areas enhanced the ecosystem vigour and resilience during 1990–2018, they have also improved the regional health of districts located along the coastal parts of the study area.

中文翻译：

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监测区域生态系统健康的时空变化：土耳其伊兹密尔的案例研究。

维持人类福祉和发展取决于生态系统的商品和服务。但是，自然生态系统和生物多样性受到人类活动的干扰。因此，对生态系统健康的评估已成为景观管理的主要主题之一。这项研究的目的是揭示土耳其伊兹密尔土地利用/土地覆被（LULC）变化对区域生态系统健康（REH）的影响。该研究使用活力，组织和弹性模型以及潜在的生态系统服务来了解伊兹密尔都会区人口最多和城市化程度最高的土地利用，土地利用变化的结构，生态系统和人类活动之间的关系。为此，使用了1990年和2018年的CORINE土地覆盖图和Landsat卫星图像。我们的结果表明，在1990–2018年期间，区域生态系统平均健康价值有所增加（从48.06增至49.32），但在研究区域的不同部分却以不一致的方式发生了变化。城市蔓延类型和植被的存在是影响整体REH值的重要因素。时空LULC变化对所有生态系统健康指标均有效。在所有生态系统健康指标中，生态系统的活力和复原力是对高度城市化地区的REH水平产生积极影响的最重要因素。总体而言，我们的研究表明，尽管在1990-2018年间城乡之间植被的增加增强了生态系统的活力和复原力，但它们也改善了研究区域沿海地区的区域健康状况。