Bacteria surround their cell membrane with a net-like peptidoglycan layer, called sacculus, to protect the cell from bursting and maintain its cell shape. Sacculus growth during elongation and cell division is mediated by dynamic and transient multiprotein complexes, the elongasome and divisome, respectively. In this Review we present our current understanding of how peptidoglycan synthases are regulated by multiple and specific interactions with cell morphogenesis proteins that are linked to a dynamic cytoskeletal protein, either the actin-like MreB or the tubulin-like FtsZ. Several peptidoglycan synthases and hydrolases require activation by outer-membrane-anchored lipoproteins. We also discuss how bacteria achieve robust cell wall growth under different conditions and stresses by maintaining multiple peptidoglycan enzymes and regulators as well as different peptidoglycan growth mechanisms, and we present the emerging role of LD-transpeptidases in peptidoglycan remodelling.

中文翻译：

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肽聚糖合成和重塑的调节。

细菌用网状肽聚糖层（称为球囊）围绕其细胞膜，以保护细胞免于破裂并保持其细胞形状。球囊在伸长和细胞分裂过程中的生长分别由动态和瞬时多蛋白复合物、伸长体和分裂体介导。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了我们目前对肽聚糖合酶如何通过与细胞形态发生蛋白的多重和特定相互作用进行调节的理解，这些细胞形态发生蛋白与动态细胞骨架蛋白（肌动蛋白样 MreB 或微管蛋白样 FtsZ）相关。几种肽聚糖合酶和水解酶需要通过外膜锚定脂蛋白激活。