As documented marine invasions rise, determining the underlying molecular mechanisms of successful invasions is an immediate concern to management, but the relevance of such genetic studies hinges upon choosing the right markers. Most invasive lionfish phylogeography studies have used only the mitochondrial D-loop marker. For this study, three markers were targeted in invasive lionfish (n = 148): D-loop (mitochondrial), cytochrome oxidase I (mitochondrial), and S7 ribosomal intron-1 (nuclear). Using both mitochondrial and nuclear markers showed evidence of hybridization. At the D-loop marker, all sequences grouped with the Pacific Ocean lineage represented by Pterois volitans. At the S7 intron-1, all sequences grouped with the Indian Ocean S7 intron-1 haplotype associated with the Indian Ocean lineage represented by Pterois miles, showing discordance between the mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Further, at the COI marker, three out of 163 individuals sequenced matched P. miles. High throughput sequencing of the entire mitochondrial genome (n = 7) revealed that incongruence between mtDNA markers may be due to the insertion of mitochondrial DNA from P. volitans into the nuclear genome of fish genetically identified as P. miles. These data suggest hybridization and demonstrate that careful marker choice is important in future studies of lionfish genetics and invasive species in general.

随着有记录的海洋入侵的增加，确定成功入侵的潜在分子机制是管理的紧迫问题，但此类遗传研究的相关性取决于选择正确的标记。大多数侵入性l鱼系统地理学研究仅使用线粒体D环标记。对于本研究，在侵入性l鱼（n = 148）中靶向了三个标记：D环（线粒体），细胞色素氧化酶I（线粒体）和S7核糖体内含子1（核）。同时使用线粒体和核标记物显示了杂交的证据。在D环标记处，所有序列都与以翼手蕨为代表的太平洋谱系分组。在S7内含子1上，所有与印度洋S7内含子1单倍型分组的序列都与以翼手龙为代表的印度洋谱系相关联，表明线粒体和核标记之间存在不一致。此外，在COI标记中，在163个个体中有3个被测序匹配了P. miles。整个线粒体基因组（N = 7）的高通量测序揭示线粒体DNA标记之间的不一致性可能是由于线粒体DNA的从插入P. volitans成鱼基因鉴定为的核基因组P.英里。这些数据暗示了杂交，并表明谨慎的标记选择在今后对ion鱼遗传学和入侵物种的总体研究中很重要。