Probiotics are widely used for treatment of various human diseases, and their spectrum is not limited by intestinal diseases only. That is why there is a growing interest in the development of new probiotics that can modify intestinal microbiome in accordance with the needs for treatment. In 2004, Akkermansia muciniphila was discovered, and later it was shown to prevent the development of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus in mice. Nevertheless, before using it for treatment, conditions necessary for its growth need to be identified. In particular, certain carbohydrates, including amino sugars, such as N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine, were discovered to be necessary for successful cultivation of A. muciniphila in vitro. This is not surprising, since the natural habitat of A. muciniphila is intestinal mucin, which contains different amino sugars. Besides, ways of A. muciniphila protection from harmful factors on the way to the intestine have been developed. In addition, prebiotics such as oligosaccharides, polyphenols, as well as metformin used for diabetes mellitus treatment can promote its growth in the intestine. Finally, there is the first evidence of A. muciniphila administration to humans, which confirms the safety of its use and describes positive metabolic effects. Overall, these data suggest the possibility of an early introduction of this next-generation probiotic into clinical practice.

中文翻译：

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下一代益生菌 Akkermansia muciniphila 的培养、其安全递送至肠道的方法以及促进其在体内生长的因素

益生菌被广泛用于治疗各种人类疾病，其谱系不仅限于肠道疾病。这就是为什么人们对开发可以根据治疗需要改变肠道微生物组的新型益生菌越来越感兴趣。2004 年，Akkermansia muciniphila 被发现，后来证明它可以预防小鼠代谢综合征和糖尿病的发展。然而，在使用它进行治疗之前，需要确定其生长所需的条件。特别是，发现某些碳水化合物，包括氨基糖，如 N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖和 N-乙酰半乳糖胺，是成功体外培养 A. muciniphila 所必需的。这并不奇怪，因为 A. muciniphila 的自然栖息地是肠道粘蛋白，其中含有不同的氨基糖。此外，A. muciniphila 在进入肠道的过程中保护其免受有害因素的影响的方法已经开发出来。此外，用于治疗糖尿病的低聚糖、多酚、二甲双胍等益生元可促进其在肠道内的生长。最后，第一个证据表明 A. muciniphila 对人类给药，这证实了其使用的安全性并描述了积极的代谢作用。总体而言，这些数据表明这种下一代益生菌早期引入临床实践的可能性。以及用于治疗糖尿病的二甲双胍可以促进其在肠道内的生长。最后，第一个证据表明 A. muciniphila 对人类给药，这证实了其使用的安全性并描述了积极的代谢作用。总体而言，这些数据表明这种下一代益生菌早期引入临床实践的可能性。以及用于治疗糖尿病的二甲双胍可以促进其在肠道内的生长。最后，第一个证据表明 A. muciniphila 对人类给药，这证实了其使用的安全性并描述了积极的代谢作用。总体而言，这些数据表明这种下一代益生菌早期引入临床实践的可能性。