Dendritic cells (DCs) are chief inducers of adaptive immunity and regulate local inflammatory responses across the body. Together with macrophages, the other main type of mononuclear phagocyte, DCs constitute the most abundant component of the intrarenal immune system. This network of functionally specialized immune cells constantly surveys its microenvironment for signs of injury or infection, which trigger the initiation of an immune response. In the healthy kidney, DCs coordinate effective immune responses, for example, by recruiting neutrophils for bacterial clearance in pyelonephritis. The pro-inflammatory actions of DCs can, however, also contribute to tissue damage in various types of acute kidney injury and chronic glomerulonephritis, as DCs recruit and activate effector T cells, which release toxic mediators and maintain tubulointerstitial immune infiltrates. These actions are counterbalanced by DC subsets that promote the activation and maintenance of regulatory T cells to support resolution of the immune response and allow kidney repair. Several studies have investigated the multiple roles for DCs in kidney homeostasis and disease, but it has become clear that current tools and subset markers are not sufficient to accurately distinguish DCs from macrophages. Multidimensional transcriptomic analysis studies promise to improve mononuclear phagocyte classification and provide a clearer view of DC ontogeny and subsets.

中文翻译：

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肾脏树突状细胞：在健康和疾病中的基本生物学和功能作用。

树突状细胞（DC）是适应性免疫的主要诱导剂，可调节全身的局部炎症反应。DC与巨噬细胞（另一种主要类型的单核吞噬细胞）一起构成肾内免疫系统的最丰富成分。这个功能专门的免疫细胞网络不断地在其微环境中检查是否有损伤或感染的迹象，这些迹象会触发免疫反应的启动。在健康的肾脏中，DC通过例如募集嗜中性粒细胞以清除肾盂肾炎中的细菌来协调有效的免疫反应。然而，DC的促炎作用也可能导致各种类型的急性肾损伤和慢性肾小球肾炎的组织损伤，因为DC会募集并激活效应T细胞，释放有毒的介质并维持肾小管间质的免疫浸润。这些作用被DC子集抵消，后者促进调节性T细胞的活化和维持，以支持免疫应答的消退并允许肾脏修复。数项研究已经研究了DC在肾脏动态平衡和疾病中的多种作用，但是很明显，当前的工具和子集标记不足以准确区分DC和巨噬细胞。多维转录组分析研究有望改善单核吞噬细胞的分类，并提供更清晰的DC个体发育及其子集。几项研究调查了DC在肾脏动态平衡和疾病中的多种作用，但是很明显，当前的工具和子集标记不足以准确地区分DC和巨噬细胞。多维转录组分析研究有望改善单核吞噬细胞的分类，并提供更清晰的DC个体发育及其子集。几项研究调查了DC在肾脏动态平衡和疾病中的多种作用，但是很明显，当前的工具和子集标记不足以准确地区分DC和巨噬细胞。多维转录组分析研究有望改善单核吞噬细胞分类，并提供更清晰的DC个体发育及其子集。