Renewable energy-based on virtual power plants (VPPs) has recently attracted considerable attention for participating in energy and reserve markets due to the disadvantages of thermal power plants (TPPs). The present paper aims to maximize the VPP profitability in distribution networks including thermal power plants, at minimum load cost, using a mathematical model for implementing the VPP and evaluating its role in the energy and reserve markets. The proposed model includes a series of probabilistic scenarios used to consider the uncertainty of wind/solar generation. Therefore in the first step, the lower bound of the problem, i.e., minimizing demand cost for all the units, should be calculated. It determines the status of VPP units based on the best-case scenarios. Afterward, the problem is cut to calculate the upper bound of the problem which is maximizing the profit of the VPP. The problem is evaluated in two cases: one is the presence of VPP only in the energy market and the other is the simultaneous presence of the VPP in the reserve and energy markets. The computation ends with the convergence of lower and upper bounds of the problem. Since the proposed method uses a piece-wise model of thermal units and the problem has nonlinear equations, Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) used to calculate the contribution of units by utilizing GAMS software. Finally, the VPP profitability calculated for the day-ahead energy and reserve market after determining the method for the participation of power plants in supply at the minimum cost. The proposed method was then applied to a sample system consisting of three thermal plants, three wind farms, two solar farms, and two energy storage systems, considering several situations to examine the impact of the resources and also the resulting profitability in the energy and reserve market. The final step was the analysis of the results.

由于火力发电厂（TPP）的缺点，基于虚拟发电厂（VPP）的可再生能源最近在参与能源和储备市场方面引起了相当大的关注。本文旨在通过使用数学模型来实施VPP并评估其在能源和储备市场中的作用，以最小的负荷成本在包括热电厂在内的配电网络中最大化VPP的获利能力。提议的模型包括一系列概率情景，用于考虑风/太阳能发电的不确定性。因此，在第一步中，应该计算问题的下限，即最小化所有单元的需求成本。它根据最佳方案确定VPP单元的状态。之后，将问题切开以计算问题的上限，从而使VPP的利润最大化。在两种情况下评估该问题：一种是仅在能源市场中存在VPP，另一种是在储备市场和能源市场中同时存在VPP。计算以问题上下界的收敛结束。由于所提出的方法使用热力单元的分段模型，并且该问题具有非线性方程，因此使用GAMS软件使用混合整数规划（MIP）来计算热力单元的贡献。最后，在确定电厂以最低成本参与供应的方法之后，针对日间能源和储备市场的VPP获利能力进行了计算。然后将提出的方法应用于由三个热电厂组成的示例系统，三个风力发电场，两个太阳能发电场和两个储能系统，同时考虑了几种情况，以检查资源的影响以及由此产生的能源和储备市场的盈利能力。最后一步是结果分析。