Abstract

The present paper adopts the dimensionless depth-averaged continuum model for avalanches to study interactions between an avalanche and obstacle. Three approaches are used to represent the effect of an obstacle on an avalanche. The first is to include the obstacle as the terrain, the second is to exclude the obstacle from the computation domain, and the third is to define the avalanche–obstacle interaction force with a new mathematical expression proposed in this paper. Combined with the three obstacle treatment approaches, we simulate the flow process of an avalanche bypassing different heights of obstacles placed either in the inclined plane or deposit zone. Hydrodynamic model and S–H theory are comparatively studied in the simulation of an avalanche bypassing a high dam in the inclined plane. In the simulation of avalanche striking a low dam in the inclined plane, the first and third obstacle treatment approaches are systematically compared. The effect of the coefficient of friction acting between the side walls and avalanche and the effect of the angle of basal friction are investigated by fixing a cuboid in the deposit zone.

Graphic abstract

Computed deposit configuration (a); computed sequences at four time points represented by different colors (b); grains overtopping a dam as captured adopting the third approach of obstacle treatment (c); the evolution of avalanche depths with different drag coefficients during the flow process at two positions (d)

中文翻译：

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使用深度平均连续体方法建模雪崩障碍

摘要

本文采用无量纲的深度平均连续体模型进行雪崩研究，研究雪崩与障碍物之间的相互作用。使用三种方法来表示障碍物对雪崩的影响。首先是将障碍物包括在地形中，其次是将障碍物从计算域中排除，第三是使用本文提出的新数学表达式定义雪崩-障碍物相互作用力。结合三种障碍物处理方法，我们模拟了雪崩绕过倾斜高度或沉积区域中不同高度的障碍物的流程。在绕过斜面高坝的雪崩模拟中，对水动力模型和S–H理论进行了比较研究。在模拟雪崩在倾斜平面上撞击低坝的过程中，系统地比较了第一和第三种障碍物处理方法。通过将长方体固定在沉积区中，研究了作用在侧壁和雪崩之间的摩擦系数的影响以及基部摩擦角的影响。

图形摘要

计算的存款配置（a）；用不同颜色表示的四个时间点的计算序列（b）；采用第三种障碍物处理方法捕获的超过大坝的谷物（c）；在两个位置的流动过程中具有不同阻力系数的雪崩深度的演变（d）