Our understanding of how ecosystems function has changed from an equilibria-based view to one that recognizes the dynamic, fluctuating, nonlinear nature of aquatic systems. This current understanding requires that we manage systems for resilience. In this review, we examine how resilience has been defined, measured and applied in aquatic systems, and more broadly, in the socioecological systems in which they are embedded. Our review reveals the importance of managing stressors adversely impacting aquatic system resilience, as well as understanding the environmental and climatic cycles and changes impacting aquatic resources. Aquatic resilience may be enhanced by maintaining and enhancing habitat connectivity as well as functional redundancy and physical and biological diversity. Resilience in aquatic socioecological system may be enhanced by understanding and fostering linkages between the social and ecological subsystems, promoting equity among stakeholders, and understanding how the system is impacted by factors within and outside the area of immediate interest. Management for resilience requires implementation of adaptive and preferably collaborative management. Implementation of adaptive management for resilience will require an effective monitoring framework to detect key changes in the coupled socioecological system. Research is needed to (1) develop sensitive indicators and monitoring designs, (2) disentangle complex multi-scalar interactions and feedbacks, and (3) generalize lessons learned across aquatic ecosystems and apply them in new contexts.

中文翻译：

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水生系统的复原力：审查和管理影响

我们对生态系统功能的理解已经从基于平衡的观点转变为认识到水生系统的动态、波动、非线性性质的观点。目前的这种理解要求我们管理系统的弹性。在这篇综述中，我们研究了弹性是如何在水生系统中定义、测量和应用的，更广泛地说，是在它们所嵌入的社会生态系统中。我们的审查揭示了管理对水生系统复原力产生不利影响的压力源以及了解影响水生资源的环境和气候循环和变化的重要性。可以通过维持和增强栖息地的连通性以及功能冗余以及物理和生物多样性来增强水生恢复力。通过了解和促进社会和生态子系统之间的联系、促进利益相关者之间的公平以及了解系统如何受到直接利益领域内外因素的影响，可以增强水生社会生态系统的复原力。弹性管理需要实施适应性管理，最好是协作管理。实施适应性管理以提高复原力将需要一个有效的监测框架来检测耦合社会生态系统中的关键变化。需要进行研究以（1）开发敏感指标和监测设计，（2）解开复杂的多尺度相互作用和反馈，以及（3）概括水生生态系统的经验教训并将其应用到新的环境中。