Gadolinium doped tin oxide–iron oxide nanoparticles (Gd/Fe_1.727Sn_0.205O₃) were synthesized via sol–gel method followed by hydrothermal method. Ethylene glycol played the role of directing agent to control surface morphology. Physical and optical properties of Gd/Fe_1.727Sn_0.205O₃ nanoparticles were studied as a function of calcination temperature. Characterization techniques like thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer (PSA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–VIS), and four-point probe technique have been used to study the thermal degradation, kinetics, thermodynamic properties, structural analysis, surface morphology, optical and electrical properties of nanoparticles. Prominent peaks in FTIR spectra at 563, 418, and 542 cm⁻¹ were observed for Fe–O, Sn–O, and Gd–O, respectively. The uncalcined nanoparticles follow first order kinetics and Freeman–Carrol method was applied for calculating the activation energy. It was observed that nanoparticles calcined at 700 °C have 8.9 nm particle size calculated with particle size analyzer, which is smallest among all and having band gap energy of 2.3 eV. SEM micrographs show hexagonal geometry. The dependence of electrical resistance on temperature shows that these nanoparticles possess semiconducting behavior. These nanoparticles can be used as cathode material for solid oxides fuel cells (SOFCs) application. The nanoparticles calcined at 700 °C showed highest power density of 83.27 W cm⁻² at 650 °C with open current voltage of 0.793 V.

通过溶胶-凝胶法和水热法合成了_do掺杂的氧化锡-氧化铁纳米粒子（Gd / Fe _1.727 Sn _0.205 O ₃）。乙二醇起着导向剂控制表面形态的作用。Gd / Fe _1.727 Sn _0.205 O _3的物理和光学性质研究了纳米颗粒与煅烧温度的关系。表征技术，例如热重分析（TGA），傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR），X射线衍射（XRD），粒度分析仪（PSA），扫描电子显微镜（SEM），透射电子显微镜（TEM），紫外可见光谱（UV-VIS）和四点探针技术已用于研究纳米粒子的热降解，动力学，热力学性质，结构分析，表面形态，光学和电学性质。FTIR光谱中563、418和542 cm ^-1处的突出峰分别观察到Fe–O，Sn–O和Gd–O。未煅烧的纳米颗粒遵循一级动力学，并采用Freeman-Carrol方法计算活化能。观察到在700℃下煅烧的纳米颗粒具有由粒度分析仪计算的8.9nm的粒度，这是所有颗粒中最小的并且具有2.3eV的带隙能量。SEM显微照片显示六角形几何形状。电阻对温度的依赖性表明，这些纳米颗粒具有半导体性能。这些纳米颗粒可用作固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）应用的阴极材料。在700°C下煅烧的纳米颗粒在650°C下的最大功率密度为83.27 W cm ^-2，而开路电压为0.793V。