Overlapping geographical occurrence, history of traditional use, confusion in species identification, and morphological resemblances among various species are some considerations that necessitate the importance of qualitative analysis for efficient quality control and safer botanical products. This paper provides detailed morpho-anatomies of the leaves and stems of Tinospora cordifolia, Tinospora crispa, and Tinospora sinensis, and stems of Tinospora baenzigeri. Microscopy studies of the selected Tinospora species revealed key diagnostic features that can help distinguish the closely related species of Tinospora as well as to detect any adulteration or substitution in the raw materials. HPTLC profiles of the authenticated plant materials, as well as commercial products claiming to contain Tinospora, were compared to distinguish T. crispa from other closely related species and to establish an efficient method to assess the identity and quality of the products using qualified chemical markers. HPTLC chromatograms of both plant samples and dietary supplements were compared with six reference marker compounds. The analysis revealed that borapetoside B and C were useful to identify T. crispa while tinosineside A was found to be characteristic to authenticate the T. sinensis products.

中文翻译：

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Tinospora 物种和膳食补充剂的比较形态解剖学和 HPTLC 分析

重叠的地理发生、传统使用的历史、物种鉴定的混淆以及不同物种之间的形态相似性是一些考虑因素，需要进行定性分析，以实现有效的质量控制和更安全的植物产品。本文提供了心叶青霉、卷叶青霉和中华青霉的叶和茎的详细形态解剖学，以及 baenzigeri 的茎的详细形态解剖学。选定的 Tinospora 物种的显微镜研究揭示了关键的诊断特征，可以帮助区分密切相关的 Tinospora 物种以及检测原材料中的任何掺假或替代。对经过验证的植物材料以及声称含有 Tinospora 的商业产品的 HPTLC 配置文件进行了比较，以区分 T. 其他密切相关物种的脆饼，并建立一种有效的方法来使用合格的化学标记来评估产品的特性和质量。将植物样品和膳食补充剂的 HPTLC 色谱图与六种参考标记化合物进行比较。分析表明，硼酸硼苷 B 和 C 可用于鉴别 T.crispa，而发现 tinosineside A 是鉴定 T. sinensis 产品的特征。