Download PDF
Planta Med 2020; 86(07): 470-481
DOI: 10.1055/a-1120-3711
Natural Product Chemistry and Analytical Studies
Original Papers
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Comparative Morpho-Anatomical and HPTLC Profiling of Tinospora Species and Dietary Supplements

Abidah Parveen
1   Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
2   National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
3   Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, KPK, Pakistan
,
John S. Adams
2   National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
,
Vijayasankar Raman
2   National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
,
Jane M. Budel
4   Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
,
Jianping Zhao
2   National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
,
Ganesh N.M. Babu
5   The University of Trans-disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
,
Zulfiqar Ali
2   National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
,
Ikhlas A. Khan
1   Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
2   National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
› Author AffiliationsSupported by: U.S. Food and Drug Administration 5U01FD004246-07
Further Information

Publication History

received 15 November 2019
revised 16 January 2020

accepted 14 February 2020

Publication Date:
13 March 2020 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Overlapping geographical occurrence, history of traditional use, confusion in species identification, and morphological resemblances among various species are some considerations that necessitate the importance of qualitative analysis for efficient quality control and safer botanical products. This paper provides detailed morpho-anatomies of the leaves and stems of Tinospora cordifolia, Tinospora crispa, and Tinospora sinensis, and stems of Tinospora baenzigeri. Microscopy studies of the selected Tinospora species revealed key diagnostic features that can help distinguish the closely related species of Tinospora as well as to detect any adulteration or substitution in the raw materials. HPTLC profiles of the authenticated plant materials, as well as commercial products claiming to contain Tinospora, were compared to distinguish T. crispa from other closely related species and to establish an efficient method to assess the identity and quality of the products using qualified chemical markers. HPTLC chromatograms of both plant samples and dietary supplements were compared with six reference marker compounds. The analysis revealed that borapetoside B and C were useful to identify T. crispa while tinosineside A was found to be characteristic to authenticate the T. sinensis products.

Key words

Tinospora - Menispermaceae - anatomy - HPTLC - microscopy - quality control
 

  • References

  • 1 Ahmad SM, Hoot SB, Qazi PH, Verma V. Phylogenetic patterns and genetic diversity of Indian Tinospora species based on chloroplast sequence data and cytochrome P450 polymorphisms. Plant Syst Evol 2009; 281: 87-96
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 De Wet H, Struwig M, Van Wyk BE. Taxonomic notes on the genera Tiliacora and Tinospora (Menispermaceae) in southern Africa. S Afr J Bot 2016; 103: 283-294
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Xianrui L, Tao C, Gilbert MG. Menispermaceae. In: Wu Zy. Raven PH, Hong DY. eds. Flora of China, Volume 7: Menispermaceae through Capparaceae. Beijing: Science Press China; 2008: 1-31
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Chi S, She G, Han D, Wang W, Liu Z, Liu B. Genus Tinospora: ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Evid Based Complement Altnat Med 2016; 2016: 9232593
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Nadkarni KM, Nadkarni AK. Indian Materia Medica. 3rd edition. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.; 1976
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Singh J, Sinha K, Sharma A, Mishra NP, Khanuja SP. Traditional uses of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi). J Med Aromat Plant Sci 2003; 25: 748-751
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Khare CP. Indian medicinal Plants: an illustrated Dictionary. New York: Springer; 2007
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Tiwari P, Nayak P, Prusty SK, Sahu PK. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Tinospora cordifolia: A review. Syst Rev Pharm 2018; 9: 70-78
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Singh V, Pandey RP. Ethnobotany of Rajasthan, India. Jodhpur: Scientific Publisher; 1998
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Lalramnghinglova H. Ethno-medicinal Plants of Mizoram Dehradun. Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 2003
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Upadhyay A, Kumar K, Kumar A, Mishra H. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thoms. (Guduchi) – validation of the Ayurvedic pharmacology through experimental and clinical studies. Int J Ayurveda Res 2010; 1: 112
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Praman S, Mulvany MJ, Allenbach Y, Marston A, Hostettmann K, Sirirugsa P, Jansakul C. Effects of an n-butanol extract from the stem of Tinospora crispa on blood pressure and heart rate in anesthetized rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 133: 675-686
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Ahmad W, Jantan I, Bukhari SNA. Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson: A review of its ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7: 59
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Qin XY, Luo JY, Gao ZG. Yao ethnic Medicinals in China. Beijing: Ethnic Publish House; 2002: 50
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Manjrekar PN, Jolly CI, Narayanan S. Comparative studies of the immunomodulatory activity of Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora sinensis . Fitoterapia 2000; 71: 254-257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Li RW, David LG, Myers SP, Leach DN. Anti-inflammatory activity of Chinese medicinal vine plants. Ethnopharmacol 2003; 85: 61-67
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Singh N, Kumar A, Gupta P, Chand K, Samant M, Maurya R, Dube A. Evaluation of antileishmanial potential of Tinospora sinensis against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2008; 102: 561-565
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Zhang HS, Zhang LM, Zhang HH. The observation of curative effect of knee ankylosis after injury auxiliary through huoxue Shujin Xunxi recipe. Shaanxi J Tradit Chinese Med 2010; 31: 997-998
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Katib S, Ruangrungsi N, Palanuvej C, Chareonsap PP, Rungsihirunrat K. Macroscopic-microscopic characteristics and AFLP marker for identification of Tinospora crispa and Tinospora baenzigeri endemic to Thailand. J Health Res 2017; 31: 143-149
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Raghunathan K, Mitra R. Pharmacognosy of indigenous Drugs. New Delhi, India: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha; 1982
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Chandran S, Harisha CR, Pagiri BJ. Pharmacognostical variations in market samples of Tinospora species and their extracts. Glob J Res Med Plants Indig Med 2016; 5: 300-312
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Sereena K, Remashree AB. Histological, histochemical and phytochemical studies of the raw drug Amrita from different raw drug markets of Kerala. Int J Interdiscip Multidiscip Stud 2014; 1: 182-191
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Patil VS, Malpathak NP. Micro-morphoanatomical approach for comparative analysis of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers and its adulterant plant using SEM and Cryostat. Phcog J 2017; 9: 39-45
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Solereder H. Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, English Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1908
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Bonde SD, Upaehye AS. Contribution to the wood anatomy of Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merrill in relation with T. cordifolia Miers. Anc Sci Life 1989; 9: 80-85
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 The Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India, Vol. 1. Part 1. Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine & Homoeopathy. New Dehli: Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India; 2001
    Google Scholar
  • 27 [Anonymous] Quality Standards of Indian medicinal Plants, Volume 1. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR); 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Pradhan D, Pandey A. Estimation of starch extracted from different diameter thickness stem of Giloe (Tinospora cordifolia Willd Miers). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2013; 2: 162-163
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Choudhary N, Siddiqui MB, Khatoon S. Pharmacognostic evaluation of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers and identification of biomarkers. Indian J Tradit Knowl 2014; 13: 543-550
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Khatoon S, Irshad S, Vijayakumar M, Choudhry N, Siddiqui ZA, Kumar N. Pharmacognostic analysis of Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers, with respect to Dioecy. Single Cell Biol 2018; 7: 1-10
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Begum SN, Patturaj R, Ravikumar K. Comparative pharmacognostical and histochemical studies on the three different species of Tinospora on stem and leaf. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019; 8: 650-655
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Srinivasan GV, Unnikrishnan KP, Rema Shree AB, Balachandran I. HPLC estimation of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia and Tinospora sinensis . Indian J Pharm Sci 2008; 70: 96-99
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Li W, Koike K, Liu L, Lin L, Fu X, Chen Y, Nikaido T. New lignan glucosides from the stems of Tinospora sinensis . Chem Pharm Bull 2004; 52: 638-640
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Rickson FR, Risch SJ. Anatomical and ultrastructural aspects of the ant-food cell of Piper cenocladum C.DC. (Piperaceae). Am J Bot 1984; 71: 1268-1274
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Carlquist S. Wood and stem anatomy of menispermaceae. A J Syst Evol Bot 1996; 14: 155-170
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Parveen A, Wang YH, Fantoukh O, Alhusban M, Raman V, Ali Z, Khan IA. Development of a chemical fingerprint as a tool to distinguish closely related Tinospora species and quantitation of marker compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 178: 112894
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Johansen DA. Plant Microtechnique. New York: Mc Graw Hill Book; 1940
    Google Scholar
  • 38 Roeser KR. Die Nadel der Schwarzkiefer – Massenprodukt und Kunstwerk der Natur. Mikrokosmos 1972; 61: 33-36
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Krishnamurthy KV. Plant Histochemistry. Madras: S. Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd.; 1988
    Google Scholar
  • 40 Graham DM, Spencer M. Quantitative isolation and improved nephelometric microdetermination of lupine alkaloids from plant tissues. Anal Chem 1964; 36: 210-213
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Yoder LR, Mahlberg PG. Reactions of alkaloid and histochemical indicators in laticifers and specialized parenchyma cells of Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae). Am J Bot 1976; 63: 1167-1173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar