The residential building typology of Stone in Mud Mortar (SMM) masonry contributed significantly to the seismic losses caused by the 2015 Nepalese seismic sequence, also known as the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. SMM masonry is the most common construction type in Nepal, and notwithstanding the extensive damage, this has persisted in the post-earthquake reconstruction. This paper provides first an overview of the extent of damage and typical failure modes suffered by this typology. Some pressing issues in the ongoing post-earthquake reconstruction, such as building usability, construction quality are then discussed. The results of seismic analyses on both the pre-earthquake (PRE-SMM) and post-earthquake built (POST-SMM) typologies, using the applied element method employing a modelling strategy that accounts for the random shape of stone units, are then presented and discussed in terms of capacity curves and failure mechanisms. As per the seismic design code of Nepal, seismic performance assessment is conducted to understand the seismic design levels of these constructions. Finally, seismic fragility and vulnerability functions for both the PRE-SMM and POST-SMM typologies, considering the uncertainty in ground motions and material quality, are presented and discussed. Considering the seismic hazard in Nepal, the PRE-SMM typology is found to be highly vulnerable and seismic strengthening of these buildings is urgent. On the other hand, the POST-SMM typology has adequate seismic capacity and performs within the serviceability limit, given the quality of both the construction materials and workmanship are not compromised.

中文翻译：

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2015年尼泊尔地震：泥浆砌筑建筑物的石材抗震性能和震后重建

泥浆砌筑（SMM）砌筑石材的住宅建筑类型对2015年尼泊尔地震序列（也称为2015年戈尔卡地震）造成的地震损失做出了重大贡献。SMM砌体是尼泊尔最常见的建筑类型，尽管遭到了广泛破坏，但在地震后的重建中仍然存在。本文首先概述了这种类型的损坏程度和典型的故障模式。然后讨论了正在进行的地震灾后重建中的一些紧迫问题，例如建筑可用性，建筑质量。使用应用元素方法采用建模策略来解释石材单元的随机形状，从而对地震前（PRE-SMM）和地震后建成（POST-SMM）类型进行了地震分析，然后根据容量曲线和故障机理进行介绍和讨论。根据尼泊尔的抗震设计规范，进行抗震性能评估以了解这些建筑的抗震设计水平。最后，介绍并讨论了PRE-SMM和POST-SMM类型的地震易损性和脆弱性函数，其中考虑了地震动和材料质量的不确定性。考虑到尼泊尔的地震危险，发现PRE-SMM类型非常脆弱，因此对这些建筑物进行地震加固非常必要。另一方面，在不影响建筑材料和工艺质量的前提下，POST-SMM类型具有足够的抗震能力，并且在使用期限内发挥作用。