Ever increasing environmental presence of cadmium as a consequence of industrial activities is considered a health hazard and is closely linked to deteriorating global health status. General animal and human cadmium exposure ranges from ingestion of foodstuffs sourced from heavily polluted hotspots and cigarette smoke to widespread contamination of air and water, including cadmium-containing microplastics found in household water. Cadmium is promiscuous in its effects and exerts numerous cellular perturbations based on direct interactions with macromolecules and its capacity to mimic or displace essential physiological ions, such as iron and zinc. Cell organelles use lipid membranes to form complex tightly-regulated, compartmentalized networks with specialized functions, which are fundamental to life. Interorganellar communication is crucial for orchestrating correct cell behavior, such as adaptive stress responses, and can be mediated by the release of signaling molecules, exchange of organelle contents, mechanical force generated through organelle shape changes or direct membrane contact sites. In this review, cadmium effects on organellar structure and function will be critically discussed with particular consideration to disruption of organelle physiology in vertebrates.

中文翻译：

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细胞器作为哺乳动物镉毒性的目标。

由于工业活动导致环境中镉含量不断增加，被认为是一种健康危害，并且与不断恶化的全球健康状况密切相关。一般的动物和人类镉暴露范围从摄入来自严重污染热点和香烟烟雾的食物到广泛污染空气和水，包括在家庭水中发现的含镉微塑料。镉的作用是混杂的，并且基于与大分子的直接相互作用及其模拟或置换重要生理离子（如铁和锌）的能力而产生许多细胞扰动。细胞器利用脂质膜形成复杂的、严格调节的、具有特殊功能的分隔网络，这些网络是生命的基础。细胞器间通讯对于协调正确的细胞行为（例如适应性应激反应）至关重要，并且可以通过信号分子的释放、细胞器内容物的交换、通过细胞器形状变化或直接膜接触位点产生的机械力来介导。在这篇综述中，将批判性地讨论镉对细胞器结构和功能的影响，特别考虑到脊椎动物细胞器生理学的破坏。