Abstract
Ever increasing environmental presence of cadmium as a consequence of industrial activities is considered a health hazard and is closely linked to deteriorating global health status. General animal and human cadmium exposure ranges from ingestion of foodstuffs sourced from heavily polluted hotspots and cigarette smoke to widespread contamination of air and water, including cadmium-containing microplastics found in household water. Cadmium is promiscuous in its effects and exerts numerous cellular perturbations based on direct interactions with macromolecules and its capacity to mimic or displace essential physiological ions, such as iron and zinc. Cell organelles use lipid membranes to form complex tightly-regulated, compartmentalized networks with specialized functions, which are fundamental to life. Interorganellar communication is crucial for orchestrating correct cell behavior, such as adaptive stress responses, and can be mediated by the release of signaling molecules, exchange of organelle contents, mechanical force generated through organelle shape changes or direct membrane contact sites. In this review, cadmium effects on organellar structure and function will be critically discussed with particular consideration to disruption of organelle physiology in vertebrates.
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Abbreviations
- 3-MA:
-
3-Methyladenine
- AIF:
-
Apoptosis-inducing factor
- ANT:
-
ADP/ATP translocase
- AQP:
-
Aquaporin
- ATG:
-
Autophagy
- BBM:
-
Brush border membrane
- BER:
-
Base excision repair
- BKA:
-
Bongkrekic acid
- CLCE:
-
Chronic low cadmium exposure
- COX:
-
Cytochrome c oxidase
- CsA:
-
Cyclosporin A
- cytC:
-
Cytochrome C
- DMT1:
-
Divalent metal transporter 1
- DSB:
-
Double strand break
- EE:
-
Early endosome
- ER:
-
Endoplasmic reticulum
- ERAD:
-
ER-associated degradation
- ETC:
-
Electron transport chain
- HR:
-
Homologous recombination
- HSF-1:
-
Heat shock factor 1
- IMM:
-
Inner mitochondrial membrane
- IMS:
-
Intermembrane space
- LE:
-
Late endosome
- LMP:
-
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization
- MAMs:
-
Mitochondria associated membranes
- Man-6-P:
-
Mannose-6-phosphate
- MCS:
-
Membrane contact sites
- MCU:
-
Mitochondrial uniporter
- MMR:
-
Mismatch repair
- mPT:
-
Mitochondrial permeability transition
- MT:
-
Metallothionein
- mTORC:
-
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex
- MV:
-
Microvesicles
- MVB:
-
Multivesicular body
- NER:
-
Nucleotide excision repair
- NHEJ:
-
Non-homologous end-joining
- NSB:
-
Nuclear stress body
- OMM:
-
Outer mitochondrial membrane
- OXPHOS:
-
Oxidative phosphorylation
- PG:
-
Perichromatin granules
- PGC-1:
-
PPAR coactivator 1
- PKC:
-
Protein kinase C
- PM:
-
Plasma membrane
- PPAR:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PTC:
-
Proximal tubule cell
- PTP:
-
Permeability transition pore
- RE:
-
Recycling endosome
- RME:
-
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
- RNS:
-
Reactive nitrogen species
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
- TFEB:
-
Transcription factor EB
- TFE3:
-
Transcription factor E3
- UPR:
-
Unfolded protein response
- V-ATPase:
-
Vacuolar H+-ATPase
- VDAC:
-
Voltage-dependent anion channel
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W.-K. L is financially supported by the Intramural Research Program at Witten/Herdecke University (IFF2017-14, IFF2018-52). F.T. received funding from BMBF (01DN16039), DFG (TH345) and ZBAF.
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Lee, WK., Thévenod, F. Cell organelles as targets of mammalian cadmium toxicity. Arch Toxicol 94, 1017–1049 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02692-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02692-8