Molecular phylogenetic studies of cultures derived from some specimens of plant-inhabiting Sordariomycetes using ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 DNA sequence data revealed close affinities to strains of Muscodor. The taxonomy of this biotechnologically important genus, which exclusively consists of endophytes with sterile mycelia that produce antibiotic volatile secondary metabolites, was based on a rather tentative taxonomic concept. Even though it was accommodated in Xylariaceae, its phylogenetic position had so far remained obscure. Our phylogeny shows that Muscodor species have affinities to the xylarialean genera Emarcea and Induratia, which is corroborated by the fact that their sexual states produce characteristic apiospores. These data allow for the integration of Muscodor in Induratia, i.e. the genus that was historically described first. The multi-locus phylogenetic tree clearly revealed that a clade comprising Emarcea and Induratia forms a monophylum separate from representatives of Xylariaceae, for which we propose the new family Induratiaceae. Divergence time estimations revealed that Induratiaceae has been diverged from the Xylariaceae + Clypeosphaeriaceae clade at 93 (69–119) million years ago (Mya) with the crown age of 61 (39–85) Mya during the Cretaceous period. The ascospore-derived cultures were studied for the production of volatile metabolites, using both, dual cultures for assessment of antimicrobial effects and extensive analyses using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antimicrobial effects observed were significant, but not as strong as in the case of the previous reports on Muscodor species. The GC–MS results give rise to some doubt on the validity of the previous identification of certain volatiles. Many peaks in the GC–MS chromatograms could not be safely identified by database searches and may represent new natural products. The isolation of these compounds by preparative chromatography and their subsequent characterisation by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or total synthesis will allow for a more concise identification of these volatiles, and they should also be checked for their individual contribution to the observed antibiotic effects. This will be an important prerequisite for the development of biocontrol strains.

中文翻译：

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阐明内生Muscodor属的生命周期，并将其转移到Induratiaceae fam中的Induratia。十一月，基于多相分类方法

使用ITS，LSU，rpb2和tub2 DNA序列数据从某些居住于拟南伞菌的标本中获得的培养物的分子系统发育研究表明，它们与Muscodor菌株具有密切的亲和力。该生物技术上重要的属的分类法是基于一个暂时的分类学概念，该分类法仅由具有无菌菌丝体的内生菌组成，这些菌丝产生抗生素的挥发性次级代谢产物。尽管它被容纳在木糖科中，但迄今为止它的系统发育位置仍然不清楚。我们的发展史表明，产气霉菌种类有亲和力的xylarialean属Emarcea和Induratia，这是由于其性状态会产生特征性的无芽孢子而得到证实的。这些数据允许集成的产气霉菌在Induratia，即，在历史中最初描述的属。多基因座的系统发生树清楚地表明，一个进化枝包括Emarcea和Induratia形成与木糖科的代表分离的单门植物，为此我们提出了新的科。发散时间的估计表明，硬毛菊科与Xylariaceae + Clypeosphaeriaceae进化枝在93（69-119）百万年前（Mya）分叉，白垩纪时期的树冠年龄为61（39-85）Mya。研究了子囊孢子培养物的挥发性代谢产物产生，同时使用双重培养物评估抗微生物作用和使用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）进行广泛分析。观察到的抗菌作用是显着的，但不如先前有关Muscodor的报道那样强种类。GC-MS的结果使人们对先前鉴定某些挥发物的有效性产生了怀疑。通过数据库搜索无法安全地识别GC-MS色谱图中的许多峰，它们可能代表着新的天然产物。通过制备型色谱分离这些化合物，然后通过核磁共振波谱或全合成对其进行表征，可以更简明地鉴定这些挥发物，还应检查它们对观察到的抗生素作用的单独贡献。这将是开发生物控制菌株的重要先决条件。