In this study, Ni1−xZnxFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.25, and 0.5) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via microwave-assisted combustion method and characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM–EDAX. XRD results enunciate that the nanoparticle crystallizes in cubic spinel structure with an average crystallite size (40.2, 37.2, 35.1 nm), and also, the lattice strain, specific surface area, X-ray density were evaluated. The morphology and chemical compositions of Ni, Zn, Fe, and O elements were confirmed by the SEM–EDAX studies. For all the samples, vibrational stretching modes of Mtetra–O site (597 (S1), 593 (S2), 583 (S3) cm−1) and Moctra–O site (416 (S1), 421 (S2), 422 (S3) cm−1) were related to the distribution of the cation Ni2+/Zn2+ and Fe3+ ions among the octahedral and tetrahedral sites. From the UV–Vis–DRS spectra, the optical energy band gap has been estimated to be 1.75–2.01 eV. The dielectric constant and loss were measured by varying the applied frequency (50 Hz to 200 kHz) at room temperature. The electronic polarizability (α) was calculated using Penn analysis, Clausius–Mossotti equation, and energy band gap value. Third-order nonlinear optical parameters such as the nonlinear absorption coefficients (10−5 cm/W), refractive index (10−9 cm2/W) and the third-order nonlinear susceptibilities (10−6 esu) were determined by Z-scan technique. The antibacterial studies were tested against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigalla flexneri and Klebsiella pneumonia bacterial strains. The existing results point out that the synthesized Ni/Zn/Fe2O4 nanoparticles are possible candidates for photonic devices, optical switches, optical limiting and also for pharmaceutical applications.

中文翻译：

---

微波辅助燃烧法合成三阶非线性光学Ni1−xZnxFe2O4纳米粒子的固态参数研究

在本研究中，Ni1−xZnxFe2O4（x = 0、0.25 和 0.5）纳米颗粒通过微波辅助燃烧方法成功合成，并通过 XRD、FTIR 和 SEM-EDAX 进行表征。XRD 结果表明纳米颗粒以立方尖晶石结构结晶，平均晶粒尺寸（40.2、37.2、35.1 nm），并且还评估了晶格应变、比表面积、X 射线密度。Ni、Zn、Fe 和 O 元素的形态和化学成分由 SEM-EDAX 研究证实。对于所有样品，Mtetra-O 位点 (597 (S1)、593 (S2)、583 (S3) cm−1) 和 Moctra-O 位点 (416 (S1)、421 (S2)、422 ( S3) cm-1) 与阳离子Ni2+/Zn2+ 和Fe3+ 离子在八面体和四面体位置之间的分布有关。从 UV-Vis-DRS 光谱，光能带隙估计为 1.75-2.01 eV。介电常数和损耗是通过在室温下改变应用频率（50 Hz 至 200 kHz）来测量的。使用 Penn 分析、Clausius-Mossotti 方程和能带隙值计算电子极化率 (α)。非线性吸收系数 (10−5 cm/W)、折射率 (10−9 cm2/W) 和三阶非线性磁化率 (10−6 esu) 等三阶非线性光学参数由 Z 扫描确定技术。抗菌研究针对蜡样芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、弗氏志贺氏菌和肺炎克雷伯菌菌株进行了测试。现有结果表明，合成的 Ni/Zn/Fe2O4 纳米粒子可能是光子器件、光开关、