Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) capsules, constructed by LbL (layer-by-layer)-adsorbing polymers on sacrificial templates, have become important carriers due to multifunctionality of materials adsorbed on their surface or encapsulated into their interior. They have been also been used broadly used as analytical tools. Chronologically and traditionally, chemical analytics has been developed first, which has long been synonymous with all analytics. But it is not the only development. To the best of our knowledge, a summary of all advances including their classification is not available to date. Here, we classify analytics, sensorics, and biosensorics functionalities implemented with polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules and coated particles according to the respective stimuli and application areas. In this classification, three distinct categories are identified: (I) chemical analytics (pH; K+, Na+, and Pb2+ ion; oxygen; and hydrogen peroxide sensors and chemical sensing with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)); (II) physical sensorics (temperature, mechanical properties and forces, and osmotic pressure); and (III) biosensorics and bioanalytics (fluorescence, glucose, urea, and protease biosensing and theranostics). In addition to this classification, we discuss also principles of detection using the above-mentioned stimuli. These application areas are expected to grow further, but the classification provided here should help (a) to realize the wealth of already available analytical and bioanalytical tools developed with capsules using inputs of chemical, physical, and biological stimuli and (b) to position future developments in their respective fields according to employed stimuli and application areas. Graphical abstract.

中文翻译：

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聚电解质多层胶囊对分析，感觉和生物分析的分类。

通过在牺牲模板上吸附LbL（逐层）的聚合物构造的聚电解质多层（PEM）胶囊由于其表面吸附或封装在内部的材料的多功能性而成为重要的载体。它们也已被广泛用作分析工具。按时间顺序和传统方式，化学分析法是最早开发的，长期以来一直是所有分析法的代名词。但这不是唯一的发展。据我们所知，迄今为止尚无所有进展的摘要，包括其分类。在这里，我们根据刺激和应用领域对使用聚电解质多层胶囊和包衣颗粒实现的分析，传感和生物传感功能进行分类。在这个分类中，确定了三个不同的类别：（I）化学分析（pH值； K +，Na +和Pb2 +离子；氧气；过氧化氢传感器和具有表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）的化学传感）；（II）物理感觉（温度，机械性能和作用力以及渗透压）；（III）生物传感和生物分析（荧光，葡萄糖，尿素和蛋白酶生物传感和诊断学）。除此分类外，我们还将讨论使用上述刺激进行检测的原理。预计这些应用领域会进一步增长，但此处提供的分类应有助于（a）利用化学，物理，化学，化学和化学等技术的投入，利用胶囊开发的丰富的现有分析和生物分析工具。（b）根据所使用的刺激和应用领域，将其各自领域的未来发展定位。图形概要。