Barley shrunken endosperm mutants have been extensively reported. However, knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms of these mutants remains limited. Here, a pair of near isogenic lines (normal endosperm: Bowman and shrunken endosperm: sex1 ) was subjected to transcriptome analysis to identify mRNAs and lncRNAs related to endosperm development to further dissect its mechanism of molecular regulation. A total of 2123 (1140 up- and 983 down-regulated) unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. Functional analyses showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in starch and sucrose metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and plant hormone signal transduction. A total of 343 unique target genes were identified for 57 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs). These DE lncRNAs were mainly involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, hormone signal transduction, and stress response. In addition, key lncRNAs were identified by constructing a co-expression network of the target genes of DE lncRNAs. Transcriptome results suggested that mRNA and lncRNA played a critical role in endosperm development. The shrunken endosperm in barley seems to be closely related to plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and cell apoptosis. This study provides a foundation for fine mapping, elucidates the molecular mechanism of shrunken endosperm mutants, and also provides a reference for further studies of lncRNAs during the grain development of plants.

中文翻译：

---

使用 RNA-seq 鉴定和表征大麦萎缩胚乳突变体的 mRNA 和 lncRNA

大麦皱缩胚乳突变体已被广泛报道。然而，对这些突变体的潜在分子机制的了解仍然有限。在这里，对一对近等基因系（正常胚乳：Bowman 和收缩胚乳：sex1）进行转录组分析，以鉴定与胚乳发育相关的 mRNA 和 lncRNA，以进一步剖析其分子调控机制。共检测到 2123 个（1140 个上调和 983 个下调）独特的差异表达基因 (DEG)。功能分析表明，这些DEGs主要参与淀粉和蔗糖代谢、次生代谢产物的生物合成和植物激素信号转导。总共为 57 个差异表达的 lncRNA (DE lncRNA) 鉴定了 343 个独特的靶基因。这些DE lncRNAs主要参与甘油磷脂代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、激素信号转导和应激反应。此外，通过构建DE lncRNAs靶基因的共表达网络，确定了关键lncRNAs。转录组结果表明 mRNA 和 lncRNA 在胚乳发育中起关键作用。大麦中皱缩的胚乳似乎与植物激素信号转导、淀粉和蔗糖代谢以及细胞凋亡密切相关。该研究为精细定位奠定了基础，阐明了收缩胚乳突变体的分子机制，也为lncRNA在植物籽粒发育过程中的进一步研究提供了参考。通过构建DE lncRNAs靶基因的共表达网络来鉴定关键lncRNAs。转录组结果表明 mRNA 和 lncRNA 在胚乳发育中起关键作用。大麦中皱缩的胚乳似乎与植物激素信号转导、淀粉和蔗糖代谢以及细胞凋亡密切相关。该研究为精细定位奠定了基础，阐明了收缩胚乳突变体的分子机制，也为lncRNA在植物籽粒发育过程中的进一步研究提供了参考。通过构建DE lncRNAs靶基因的共表达网络来鉴定关键lncRNAs。转录组结果表明 mRNA 和 lncRNA 在胚乳发育中起关键作用。大麦中皱缩的胚乳似乎与植物激素信号转导、淀粉和蔗糖代谢以及细胞凋亡密切相关。该研究为精细定位奠定了基础，阐明了收缩胚乳突变体的分子机制，也为lncRNA在植物籽粒发育过程中的进一步研究提供了参考。大麦中皱缩的胚乳似乎与植物激素信号转导、淀粉和蔗糖代谢以及细胞凋亡密切相关。该研究为精细定位奠定了基础，阐明了收缩胚乳突变体的分子机制，也为lncRNA在植物籽粒发育过程中的进一步研究提供了参考。大麦中皱缩的胚乳似乎与植物激素信号转导、淀粉和蔗糖代谢以及细胞凋亡密切相关。该研究为精细定位奠定了基础，阐明了收缩胚乳突变体的分子机制，也为lncRNA在植物籽粒发育过程中的进一步研究提供了参考。