Agar, a major component of the cell wall of red algae, is an interesting heteropolysaccharide containing an unusual sugar, 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose. It is widely used as a valuable material in various industrial and experimental applications due to its characteristic gelling and stabilizing properties. Agar-derived oligosaccharides or mono-sugars produced by various agarases have become a promising subject for research owing to their unique biological activities, including anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, skin-whitening, skin-moisturizing, anti-fatigue, and anti-cariogenic activities. Agar is also considered as an alternative sustainable source of biomass for chemical feedstock and biofuel production to substitute for the fossil resource. In this review, we summarize various biochemically characterized agarases, which are useful for industrial applications, such as neoagarooligosaccharide or agarooligosaccharide production and saccharification of agar. Additionally, we succinctly discuss various recent studies that have been conducted to investigate the versatile biological activities of agar-derived saccharides and biofuel production from agar biomass. This review provides a basic framework for understanding the importance of agarases and agar-derived saccharides with broad applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and bioenergy industries.

中文翻译：

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琼脂和琼脂酶在可持续海洋生物质的工业应用中的意义。

琼脂是红藻细胞壁的主要成分，是一种有趣的杂多糖，含有不寻常的糖3,6-脱水L-半乳糖。由于其特有的胶凝和稳定特性，它被广泛用作各种工业和实验应用中的有价值的材料。各种琼脂酶产生的琼脂衍生的低聚糖或单糖由于其独特的生物活性，包括抗肥胖，抗糖尿病，免疫调节，抗肿瘤，抗氧化剂，美白，皮肤保湿，已成为有前途的研究课题。 ，抗疲劳和抗龋齿活动。琼脂也被视为化学原料和生物燃料生产的替代性生物质可持续来源，以替代化石资源。在这篇评论中 我们总结了各种具有生化特性的琼脂酶，可用于工业应用，例如新琼脂寡糖或琼脂寡糖的生产和琼脂糖化。此外，我们简要讨论了各种近期研究，以研究琼脂衍生糖的多种生物活性和琼脂生物质生产生物燃料的能力。这篇综述提供了一个基本的框架，用于理解琼脂酶和琼脂衍生的糖在制药，化妆品，食品和生物能源行业中的广泛应用的重要性。我们简要讨论了最近进行的各种研究，以研究琼脂衍生糖的多种生物活性和琼脂生物质生产生物燃料的能力。这篇综述提供了一个基本的框架，用于理解琼脂酶和琼脂衍生的糖在制药，化妆品，食品和生物能源行业中的广泛应用的重要性。我们简要讨论了最近进行的各种研究，以研究琼脂衍生糖的多种生物活性和琼脂生物质生产生物燃料的能力。这篇综述提供了一个基本的框架，用于理解琼脂酶和琼脂衍生的糖在制药，化妆品，食品和生物能源行业中的广泛应用的重要性。