Starforming factories in galaxies produce compact clusters and loose associations of young massive stars. Fast radiation-driven winds and supernovae input their huge kinetic power into the interstellar medium in the form of highly supersonic and superalfvenic outflows. Apart from gas heating, collisionless relaxation of fast plasma outflows results in fluctuating magnetic fields and energetic particles. The energetic particles comprise a long-lived component which may contain a sizeable fraction of the kinetic energy released by the winds and supernova ejecta and thus modify the magnetohydrodynamic flows in the systems. We present a concise review of observational data and models of nonthermal emission from starburst galaxies, superbubbles, and compact clusters of massive stars. Efficient mechanisms of particle acceleration and amplification of fluctuating magnetic fields with a wide dynamical range in starburst regions are discussed. Sources of cosmic rays, neutrinos and multi-wavelength nonthermal emission associated with starburst regions including potential galactic “PeVatrons” are reviewed in the global galactic ecology context.

中文翻译：

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星暴区和超级气泡中的非热粒子和光子

星系中的恒星形成工厂产生紧密的星团和年轻大质量恒星的松散组合。快速辐射驱动的风和超新星以高超音速和超外流的形式将其巨大的动能输入到星际介质中。除了气体加热外，快速等离子体流出的无碰撞弛豫会导致磁场和高能粒子的波动。高能粒子包含一个长寿命成分，它可能包含由风和超新星抛射物释放的相当大一部分动能，从而改变系统中的磁流体动力学流动。我们简要回顾了星暴星系、超级气泡和大质量恒星致密星团的观测数据和非热辐射模型。讨论了粒子加速的有效机制和星暴区域中具有宽动态范围的波动磁场的放大。宇宙射线、中微子和与星暴区域相关的多波长非热辐射源，包括潜在的银河系“PeVatrons”，在全球银河系生态环境中进行了审查。