This paper reviews decentralized sanitation technologies comparing dry and wet solutions currently available, discussing their operational requirements, applicability, effluent output quality, efficiencies, environmental impacts, costs, challenges, as well as their advantages and implementation difficulties. Sanitation technologies vary from conventional centralized systems, typically used on urban areas, to decentralized systems, more common in sparse dwellings and small communities of rural areas. Compared with centralized sanitation, decentralized sanitation is being progressively considered as more sustainable solution. Most do not require energy or expensive or sophisticated operation, being easy to adapt to different geographic contexts. A general lack of consistent regulatory control over most dry rudimentary systems and primary treatment systems may compromise water quality and human health. In the future, a mix of new policies and accurate accounting of the location, performance, and degree of failure of such systems should be performed. However, forcing users and communities to face the capital, operational, or repairing costs may be challenging. Since many of the discussed technologies may be important sources of contamination with nutrients, pathogens and toxic chemicals, new opportunities are still open, which include the conversion of dry rudimentary systems into dry controlled systems.

中文翻译：

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农村干湿分散卫生技术回顾：适用性、挑战和机遇

本文回顾了分散式卫生技术，比较了目前可用的干湿解决方案，讨论了它们的操作要求、适用性、污水输出质量、效率、环境影响、成本、挑战，以及它们的优势和实施困难。卫生技术从通常用于城市地区的传统集中式系统到分散式系统，在稀疏的住宅和农村地区的小社区中更常见。与集中式卫生设施相比，分散式卫生设施正逐渐被认为是更可持续的解决方案。大多数不需要能源或昂贵或复杂的操作，很容易适应不同的地理环境。对大多数干燥的基本系统和初级处理系统普遍缺乏一致的监管控制可能会危及水质和人类健康。未来，应该执行新政策和对此类系统的位置、性能和故障程度的准确计算的组合。然而，迫使用户和社区承担资本、运营或维修成本可能具有挑战性。由于许多讨论的技术可能是营养物、病原体和有毒化学物质污染的重要来源，新的机会仍然存在，包括将干燥的基本系统转换为干燥的控制系统。应执行此类系统的故障程度。然而，迫使用户和社区承担资本、运营或维修成本可能具有挑战性。由于许多讨论的技术可能是营养物、病原体和有毒化学物质污染的重要来源，新的机会仍然存在，包括将干燥的基本系统转换为干燥的控制系统。应执行此类系统的故障程度。然而，迫使用户和社区承担资本、运营或维修成本可能具有挑战性。由于许多讨论的技术可能是营养物、病原体和有毒化学物质污染的重要来源，新的机会仍然存在，包括将干燥的基本系统转换为干燥的控制系统。