This paper presents a comprehensive review of the history of the olive in Puglia, southern Italy, from prehistory to the Middle Ages, including evidence from various sources. The primary source of information is from archaeological sites, where the remains have been found of olive pollen, stones and wood charcoal, olive presses and pottery kilns for making amphorae for transporting olives or their oil. The survey also includes data from pollen sequences from natural sites and from written documents referring to olive groves. Our study shows that olives have been cultivated since the Early Neolithic, but it is only during the Middle Bronze Age that the domestic type appeared in the region, a consequence of selective cultivation of the wild type. The domestication of the olive had been completed by the first half of the 1st millennium bc, during the Iron Age–Archaic period, when remains of olives appear outside their area of natural distribution. The increasing exchanges with the Greeks during the Hellenistic period favoured the spread of olive cultivation and led to the construction of olive presses for oil extraction. The Roman conquest promoted the production of olive oil, which was successfully traded during the Republican and Early Imperial periods. After the Roman period ended, economic developments and political turmoil led to a decrease in olive growing, which did not fully recover until the Norman period in the 12th century ad. Later, under the Swabians, olives became a key crop and a major asset for the economy of Puglia.

中文翻译：

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普利亚（意大利东南部）的橄榄种植：从中石器时代到中世纪的证据回顾

本文对意大利南部普利亚的橄榄历史进行了全面的回顾，从史前到中世纪，包括各种来源的证据。信息的主要来源是考古遗址，在这些遗址中发现了橄榄花粉，石头和木炭，橄榄压榨机和陶制窑，以制造用于运输橄榄或其油的安瓿。该调查还包括来自自然地点的花粉序列的数据以及涉及橄榄树的书面文件中的数据。我们的研究表明，橄榄石是自新石器时代早期以来就开始种植的，但仅在青铜器中期，该地区才出现了家养型，这是野生型选择性栽培的结果。橄榄的驯化已在第一个千年的上半年完成公元前bc，在铁器时代－古代时期，当橄榄的残留物出现在其自然分布区域之外时。在希腊化时期，与希腊人的交流日益增多，有利于橄榄种植的普及，并导致建造了用于榨油的橄榄压榨机。罗马人的征服促进了橄榄油的生产，在共和和早期帝国时期，橄榄油的交易成功。古罗马时期结束后，经济发展和政治动荡导致橄榄增长的下降，这并没有完全恢复，直到诺曼时期，在12世纪的广告。后来，在斯瓦比亚人统治下，橄榄成为普利亚大区的重要农作物和主要资产。