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Olive growing in Puglia (southeastern Italy): a review of the evidence from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages

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Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the history of the olive in Puglia, southern Italy, from prehistory to the Middle Ages, including evidence from various sources. The primary source of information is from archaeological sites, where the remains have been found of olive pollen, stones and wood charcoal, olive presses and pottery kilns for making amphorae for transporting olives or their oil. The survey also includes data from pollen sequences from natural sites and from written documents referring to olive groves. Our study shows that olives have been cultivated since the Early Neolithic, but it is only during the Middle Bronze Age that the domestic type appeared in the region, a consequence of selective cultivation of the wild type. The domestication of the olive had been completed by the first half of the 1st millennium bc, during the Iron Age–Archaic period, when remains of olives appear outside their area of natural distribution. The increasing exchanges with the Greeks during the Hellenistic period favoured the spread of olive cultivation and led to the construction of olive presses for oil extraction. The Roman conquest promoted the production of olive oil, which was successfully traded during the Republican and Early Imperial periods. After the Roman period ended, economic developments and political turmoil led to a decrease in olive growing, which did not fully recover until the Norman period in the 12th century ad. Later, under the Swabians, olives became a key crop and a major asset for the economy of Puglia.

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available at Puglia.con (2019). Loc. Località, M.te Monte, Mass., Masseria, P.tta Piazzetta, P.zzo Palazzo. The letters refer to the various chronological periods; a 7–3rd millennium bc, b 21st–13th century bc, c 8th–3rd century bc,d 2nd century bc–6th century ad and e 7th–14th century ad

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Acknowledgements

The present work is part of the Project ‘ELAION: Storicità dell’Olio Pugliese per la Promozione di un Marchio Territoriale’ (grant number: 5ACSJG4), granted to V. Caracuta and funded by the Puglian Regional Council and the European Social Fund (FSE) on the measure “Future In Research”. Special thanks to G. Fiorentino for hosting the project and to G. Aprile, F. Breglia, S. D’Aquino, C. D’Oronzo, A. M. Grasso and A. Stellati for their support with the compilation of the database used in the study. The author is grateful to two anonymous referees and the editor for their insightful comments.

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  1. Institute of Evolution Sciences of Montpellier (ISEM) (University of Montpellier, CNRS), 1093-1317 Route de Mende, 34090, Montpellier, France

    Valentina Caracuta

  2. Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, University of Salento, Via Birago 64, 73100, Lecce, Italy

    Valentina Caracuta

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Caracuta, V. Olive growing in Puglia (southeastern Italy): a review of the evidence from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages. Veget Hist Archaeobot 29, 595–620 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-019-00765-y

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