TALE (Three Amino-acid Loop Extension) transcription factors belong to a large gene family in plants and are also widespread in other Eukaryotes, including animals. We have in detail studied TALE genes in the economically important crop plant pineapple (Ananas comosus) but also compared these gene sequences with other plant TALE-genes. Using the webtool HMMER we found 18 TALE gene sequences in the pineapple genome, 33 genes in rice genome and 27 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana genome, 25 genes in Brachypodium distachyon genome, 22 genes in Vitis vinifera genome and 36 genes in Populus trichocarpa genome. The found TALE genes in pineapple genome were assigned to four groups (A, B, C, and D) based on similarity. The 18 TALE genes in pineapple were located on 11 of the 25 chromosomes. Structural heterogeneity was observed for the pineapple TALE genes and number of introns varied from 1 to 3 while the number of exons was 2–4. The pineapple TALE genes showed tissue specific expression. AcoTALE1 and AcoTALE15 were highly expressed in roots while AcoTALE16, AcoTALE2, and AcoTALE18 were highly expressed in fruit tissues. AcoTALE4 and AcoTALE7 were highly expressed at two different stages of stamen development. Abiotic shock treatment revealed that AcoTALE17 and AcoTALE8 were moderately upregulated by cold shock while heat shock firmly upregulated AcoTALE16 and AcoTALE5. AcoTALE2, AcoTALE4, AcoTALE12 and AcoTALE16 was highly expressed in response to salt shock while AcoTALE5 and AcoTALE12 was upregulated in response to osmotic (mannitol) shock. None of the TALE gene was differentially regulated in response to sudden darkness. Our study, identifying these TALE transcription factors and their involvement in different stress responses lays a foundation for the possible use of genetic modifications of TALE genes for pineapple crop improvements.

中文翻译：

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菠萝中TALE基因的全基因组鉴定和表达谱。

TALE（三个氨基酸环延伸）转录因子属于植物中的一个大型基因家族，并且在包括动物在内的其他真核生物中也很普遍。我们已经详细研究TALE基因的重要经济作物凤梨（菠萝），而且相比与其它植物TALE基因，这些基因序列。使用HMMER webtool，我们发现在基因组中的菠萝18个TALE基因序列，33个基因在水稻基因组和27个基因在拟南芥基因组中，25个基因在二穗短柄草基因组中，在22个基因葡萄基因组和36个基因中毛果杨基因组。根据相似性，将菠萝基因组中发现的TALE基因分为四个组（A，B，C和D）。菠萝中的18个TALE基因位于25条染色体中的11条。菠萝TALE基因观察到结构异质性，内含子数量从1到3不等，外显子数量为2-4。菠萝TALE基因显示组织特异性表达。AcoTALE1和AcoTALE15在根中高表达，而AcoTALE16，AcoTALE2和AcoTALE18在水果组织中高表达。AcoTALE4和AcoTALE7在雄蕊发育的两个不同阶段得到了高表达。非生物休克治疗显示，冷休克适度上调了AcoTALE17和AcoTALE8，而热休克则上调了AcoTALE16和AcoTALE5。AcoTALE2，AcoTALE4，AcoTALE12和AcoTALE16在盐冲击中高表达，而AcoTALE5和AcoTALE12在渗透性（甘露醇）中响应上调。TALE基因均未响应突然的黑暗而受到差异调节。我们的研究确定了这些TALE转录因子及其在不同胁迫响应中的参与，为TALE基因的遗传修饰可能用于菠萝作物改良奠定了基础。